The Causal Relationship Between Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Bidirectional Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study

References

• Divo MJ, Martinez CH, Mannino DM. Ageing and the epidemiology of multimorbidity. Eur Respir J. 2014;44(4):1055–1068. doi:10.1183/09031936.00059814
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lareau SC, Fahy B, Meek P, et al. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2019;199(1):1–P2. doi:10.1164/rccm.1991P1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko FW, Chan KP, Hui DS, et al. Acute exacerbation of COPD. Respirology. 2016;21(7):1152–1165. doi:10.1111/resp.12780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raherison C, Girodet PO. Epidemiology of COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2009;18(114):213–221. doi:10.1183/09059180.00003609
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Momtazmanesh S, Moghaddam SS, Ghamari SH, et al. Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the global burden of disease study 2019. E Clin Med. 2023;59:101936.
   Google Scholar
• Yuan S, Larsson SC. Adiposity, diabetes, lifestyle factors and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2022;37(7):747–754. doi:10.1007/s10654-022-00842-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter JE, Rubenstein JH. Presentation and epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(2):267–276. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.07.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maret-Ouda J, Markar SR, Lagergren J. Gastroesophageal reflux disease. JAMA. 2020;324(24):2565. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.21573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• el-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A. Comorbid occurrence of laryngeal or pulmonary disease with esophagitis in United States military veterans. Gastroenterology. 1997;113(3):755–760. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70168-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• García Rodríguez LA, Ruigómez A, Martín-Merino E, et al. Relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and COPD in UK primary care. Chest. 2008;134(6):1223–1230. doi:10.1378/chest.08-0902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon S, Nightingale P, Trudgill N. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and the risk of esophagitis, barrett’s esophagus, and esophageal adenocarcinoma: a primary care case-control study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;53(10):e451–e5. doi:10.1097/MCG.0000000000001215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee AL, Goldstein RS. Gastroesophageal reflux disease in COPD: links and risks. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2015;10:1935–1949. doi:10.2147/COPD.S77562
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, et al. Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2014;63(6):871–880. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakae TM, Pizzichini MM, Teixeira PJ, et al. Exacerbations of COPD and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bras Pneumol. 2013;39(3):259–271. doi:10.1590/S1806-37132013000300002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emdin CA, Khera AV, Kathiresan S. Mendelian Randomization. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1925–1926. doi:10.1001/jama.2017.17219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies NM, Holmes MV, Davey Smith G. Reading Mendelian randomisation studies: a guide, glossary, and checklist for clinicians. BMJ. 2018;362:k601. doi:10.1136/bmj.k601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An J, Gharahkhani P, Law MH, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux GWAS identifies risk loci that also associate with subsequent severe esophageal diseases. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):4219. doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11968-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurki MI, Karjalainen J, Palta P, et al. FinnGen provides genetic insights from a well-phenotyped isolated population. Nature. 2023;613(7944):508–518. doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05473-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemani G, Zheng J, Elsworth B, et al. The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome. eLife. 2018;7. doi:10.7554/eLife.34408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou W, Cai J, Li Z, et al. Association of atopic dermatitis with autoimmune diseases: a bidirectional and multivariable two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1132719. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce BL, Ahsan H, Vanderweele TJ. Power and instrument strength requirements for Mendelian randomization studies using multiple genetic variants. Int J Epidemiol. 2011;40(3):740–752. doi:10.1093/ije/dyq151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowden J, Davey Smith G, Burgess S. Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression. Int J Epidemiol. 2015;44(2):512–525. doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbanck M, Chen CY, Neale B, et al. Detection of widespread horizontal pleiotropy in causal relationships inferred from Mendelian randomization between complex traits and diseases. Nat Genet. 2018;50(5):693–698. doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0099-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemani G, Tilling K, Davey Smith G, Li J. Orienting the causal relationship between imprecisely measured traits using GWAS summary data. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(11):e1007081. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1007081
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zagkos L, Dib MJ, Pinto R, et al. Associations of genetically predicted fatty acid levels across the phenome: a Mendelian randomisation study. PLoS Med. 2022;19(12):e1004141. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen X, Kong J, Diao X, et al. Depression and prostate cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study. Cancer Med. 2020;9(23):9160–9167. doi:10.1002/cam4.3493
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang S, Zhu H, Pan L, et al. Systemic inflammatory regulators and risk of acute-on-chronic liver failure: a bidirectional Mendelian-randomization study. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2023;11:1125233. doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1125233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie C, Wang J, Li Y, et al. Esophagogastric junction contractility integral reflect the anti-reflux barrier dysfunction in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(1):27–33. doi:10.5056/jnm16008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton LA, Lee AS, Badri H, et al. Respiratory disease and the oesophagus: reflux, reflexes and microaspiration. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(8):445–460. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2016.91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedzicha JA, Brill SE, Allinson JP, et al. Mechanisms and impact of the frequent exacerbator phenotype in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):181. doi:10.1186/1741-7015-11-181
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee AS, Lee JS, He Z, et al. Reflux-aspiration in chronic lung disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17(2):155–164. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201906-427CME
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Sun L, Chen H, et al. Dorsal vagal complex modulates neurogenic airway inflammation in a guinea pig model with esophageal perfusion of HCl. Front Physiol. 2018;9:536. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu YC, Chang WP, Tang GJ, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with a higher risk of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Respir Med. 2022;197:106833. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2022.106833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Lee JH, Kim Y, et al. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a national cross-sectional cohort study. BMC Pulm Med. 2013;13(1):51. doi:10.1186/1471-2466-13-51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shirai T, Mikamo M, Tsuchiya T, et al. Real-world effect of gastroesophageal reflux disease on cough-related quality of life and disease status in asthma and COPD. Allergol Int. 2015;64(1):79–83. doi:10.1016/j.alit.2014.08.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai CL, Lin YH, Wang MT, et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease increases the risk of intensive care unit admittance and mechanical ventilation use among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a nationwide population-based cohort study. Crit Care. 2015;19(1):110. doi:10.1186/s13054-015-0849-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takada K, Matsumoto S, Hiramatsu T, et al. F スケール質問票を用いた胃食道逆流症の評価と COPD との関連性の検討 [Relationship between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and gastroesophageal reflux disease defined by the frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease]. Nihon Kokyuki Gakkai Zasshi. 2010;48(9):644–648. Japanese
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liang B, Wang M, Yi Q, et al. Association of gastroesophageal reflux disease risk with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dis Esophagus. 2013;26(6):557–560. doi:10.1111/dote.12014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Liu Y, Shi G. A systematic review with meta-analysis of gastroesophageal reflux disease and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):2. doi:10.1186/s12890-019-1027-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rascon-Aguilar IE, Pamer M, Wludyka P, et al. Role of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in exacerbations of COPD. Chest. 2006;130(4):1096–1101. doi:10.1378/chest.130.4.1096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harding SM, Allen JE, Blumin JH, et al. Respiratory manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1300(1):43–52. doi:10.1111/nyas.12231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mungan Z, Pınarbaşı Şimşek B. Which drugs are risk factors for the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease? Turk J Gastroenterol. 2017;28:S38–s43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Del Grande LM, Herbella FA, Bigatao AM, et al. Inhaled beta agonist bronchodilator does not affect trans-diaphragmatic pressure gradient but decreases lower esophageal sphincter retention pressure in patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD). J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20(10):1679–1682. doi:10.1007/s11605-016-3192-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths TL, Nassar M, Soubani AO. Pulmonary manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2020;14(8):767–775. doi:10.1080/17476348.2020.1758068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao SY, Lin X, Christiani DC. Genome-wide association and network analysis of lung function in the Framingham heart study. Genet Epidemiol. 2014;38(6):572–578. doi:10.1002/gepi.21841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merrilees MJ, Ching PS, Beaumont B, et al. Changes in elastin, elastin binding protein and versican in alveoli in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2008;9(1):41. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-9-41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wu L, Zhang J, Qu JM, et al. Deposition of insoluble elastin by pulmonary fibroblasts from patients with COPD is increased by treatment with versican siRNA. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:267–273. doi:10.2147/COPD.S116217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang MY, Kang I, Gale M, et al. Versican is produced by Trif- and type I interferon-dependent signaling in macrophages and contributes to fine control of innate immunity in lungs. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2017;313(6):L1069–l86. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00353.2017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wight TN, Kang I, Evanko SP, et al. Versican-A critical extracellular matrix regulator of immunity and inflammation. Front Immunol. 2020;11:512. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson-Sjöland A, Hallgren O, Rolandsson S, et al. Versican in inflammation and tissue remodeling: the impact on lung disorders. Glycobiology. 2015;25(3):243–251. doi:10.1093/glycob/cwu120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Y, Wang X, Gu Q, et al. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A/B: an emerging group of cancer biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8(1):337. doi:10.1038/s41420-022-01129-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal SS. Epithelial and endothelial cell plasticity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir Investig. 2017;55(2):104–113. doi:10.1016/j.resinv.2016.11.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sohal SS, Mahmood MQ, Walters EH. Clinical significance of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): potential target for prevention of airway fibrosis and lung cancer. Clin Transl Med. 2014;3(1):33. doi:10.1186/s40169-014-0033-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nowrin K, Sohal SS, Peterson G, et al. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition as a fundamental underlying pathogenic process in COPD airways: fibrosis, remodeling and cancer. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014;8(5):547–559. doi:10.1586/17476348.2014.948853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrow JD, Cho MH, Platig J, et al. Ensemble genomic analysis in human lung tissue identifies novel genes for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hum Genomics. 2018;12(1):1. doi:10.1186/s40246-018-0132-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu W, Ye T, Ding J, et al. miR-4456/CCL3/CCR5 pathway in the pathogenesis of tight junction impairment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:551839. doi:10.3389/fphar.2021.551839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar