Central Obesity and Associated Factors Among Urban Adults in Dire Dawa Administrative City, Eastern Ethiopia

References

• Scott A, Ejikeme CS, Clottey EN, Thomas JG. Obesity in Sub-Saharan Africa: development of an ecological theoretical framework. Health Promot Int. 2013;28(1):4–16. doi:10.1093/heapro/das038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esmaili H, Bahreynian M, Qorbani M, et al. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in a nationally representative sample of Iranian children and adolescents: the CASPIAN-IV study. Iran J Pediatr. 2015;25(3). doi:10.5812/ijp.25(3)2015.401.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation: report of a WHO expert consultation. Geneva: WHO; 2008:8–11.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. World Health Organization; 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Teshome T, Singh P, Moges D. Prevalence and associated factors of overweight and obesity among high school adolescents in urban communities of Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. Curr Res Nutr Food Sci. 2013;1(1):23–36. doi:10.12944/CRNFSJ.1.1.03
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet No. 311. 2015. WHO Media centre; 2015. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/. Accessed December 24, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Abrha S, Shiferaw S, Ahmed KY. Overweight and obesity and its socio-demographic correlates among urban Ethiopian women: evidence from the 2011 EDHS. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):636. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3315-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olinto MTA, Theodoro H, Canuto R. Epidemiology of Abdominal Obesity. In: Adiposity-Epidemiology and Treatment Modalities; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Ford ES, Maynard LM, Li C. Trends in mean waist circumference and abdominal obesity among US adults, 1999–2012. JAMA. 2014;312(11):1151–1153. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.8362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez‐Fisac J, Guallar‐Castillón P, León‐Muñoz L, Graciani A, Banegas J, Rodríguez‐Artalejo F. Prevalence of general and abdominal obesity in the adult population of Spain, 2008–2010: the ENRICA study. Obes Rev. 2012;13(4):388–392. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00964.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schienkiewitz A, Mensink GB, Scheidt-Nave C. Comorbidity of overweight and obesity in a nationally representative sample of German adults aged 18–79 years. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):658. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beltrán-Sánchez H, Harhay MO, Harhay MM, McElligott S. Prevalence and trends of metabolic syndrome in the adult US population, 1999–2010. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(8):697–703. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2013.05.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ijezie IC, Chuku A, Onyeonoro UU, et al. Prevalence of abdominal obesity in Abia State, Nigeria: results of a population-based house-to-house survey. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2013;6:285. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S43545
   Google Scholar
• Xi B, Liang Y, He T, et al. Secular trends in the prevalence of general and abdominal obesity among Chinese adults, 1993–2009. Obes Rev. 2012;13(3):287–296. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00944.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molla MD, Wolde HF, Atnafu A. Magnitude of central obesity and its associated factors among adults in urban areas of Northwest Ethiopia. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2020;13:4169. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S279837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teklemariam W. Magnitude of central obesity and associated factors among adults in Addis Ababa Ethiopia; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Tesfaye TS, Zeleke TM, Alemu W, Argaw D, Bedane TK. Dietary diversity and physical activity as risk factors of abdominal obesity among adults in Dilla town, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2020;15(7):e0236671. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebrehiwot GG, Belachew T, Mehari K, Tamiru D Magnitude of metabolic syndrome and its components among adult residents of Mekelle city, Northern Ethiopia, community-based cross-sectional study; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs EJ, Newton CC, Wang Y, et al. Waist circumference and all-cause mortality in a large US cohort. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(15):1293–1301. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoefle G, Saely C, Aczel S, et al. Impact of total and central obesity on vascular mortality in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Int J Obes. 2005;29(7):785–791. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802985
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goon D, Maputle M, Olukoga A, Lebese R, Khoza L, Mothiba T. Anthropometrically determined abdominal obesity among nurses in Vhembe and Capricorn Districts, Limpopo, South Africa; 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Perez M, Warren CS. The relationship between quality of life, binge‐eating disorder, and obesity status in an ethnically diverse sample. Obesity. 2012;20(4):879–885. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.89
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty JP, Branda ME, Olsen KD, et al. The effects of incremental costs of smoking and obesity on health care costs among adults: a 7-year longitudinal study. J Occup Environ Med. 2012;54(3):286–291. doi:10.1097/JOM.0b013e318246f1f4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Misganaw A, Mariam DH, Araya T, Aneneh A. Validity of verbal autopsy method to determine causes of death among adults in the urban setting of Ethiopia. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12(1):1–9. doi:10.1186/1471-2288-12-130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bentley TG, Palta M, Paulsen AJ, et al. Race and gender associations between obesity and nine health-related quality-of-life measures. Qual Life Res. 2011;20(5):665–674. doi:10.1007/s11136-011-9878-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Fact sheet: obesity and overweight; 2016. Available from: http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/facts/obesity/en/. Accessed January 3, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO expert consultation, Geneva, 8–11 December 2008; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Fox CS, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, et al. Abdominal visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue compartments: association with metabolic risk factors in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2007;116(1):39–48. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.675355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fantin F, Comellato G, Rossi AP, et al. Relationship between neck circumference, insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in overweight and obese subjects. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(14):1532–1540. doi:10.1177/2047487317721655
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014;384(9945):766–781. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60460-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Association EPH. Emerging public health problems in Ethiopia and chronic non-communicable diseases. EPHA; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Wai WS, Dhami RS, Gelaye B, et al. Comparison of measures of adiposity in identifying cardiovascular disease risk among Ethiopian adults. Obesity. 2012;20(9):1887–1895. doi:10.1038/oby.2011.103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J, Lee ES, Lee DY, et al. Waist circumference as a marker of obesity is more predictive of coronary artery calcification than body mass index in apparently healthy Korean adults: the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Endocrinol Metab. 2016;31(4):559–566. doi:10.3803/EnM.2016.31.4.559
   Google Scholar
• CSACEaI. Ethiopia demographic and health survey. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Srotnlfs. National labour force survey in Statistical Bulletin, Addis Ababa: central Statistical Agency, Ethiopia, 2013; 2013.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The WHO STEPwise approach to noncommunicable disease risk factor surveillance; 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Coates J, Swindale A, Bilinsky P. Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for measurement of food access: indicator guide: version 3. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ) analysis guide. Geneva; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy G, Ballard T, Dop M. Guidelines for Measuring Individual and Household Dietary Diversity. Rome: Nutrition and Consumer Protection Division, FAO; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Belachew T, Lindstrom D, Gebremariam A, et al. Food insecurity, food based coping strategies and suboptimal dietary practices of adolescents in Jimma zone Southwest Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2013;8(3):e57643. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057643
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinaga M, Worku M, Yemane T, et al. Optimal cut-off for obesity and markers of metabolic syndrome for Ethiopian adults. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):109. doi:10.1186/s12937-018-0416-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan H, Trosclair A, Gfroerer J. Adult current smoking: differences in definitions and prevalence estimates—NHIS and NSDUH, 2008. J Environ Public Health. 2012;2012:1–11. doi:10.1155/2012/918368
   Google Scholar
• Roba HS, Beyene AS, Mengesha MM, Ayele BH. Prevalence of hypertension and associated factors in Dire Dawa City, Eastern Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. Int J Hypertens. 2019;2019:1–9. doi:10.1155/2019/9878437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meressa K, Mossie A, Gelaw Y. Effect of substance use on academic achievement of health officer and medical students of Jimma University, Southwest Ethiopia. Ethiop J Health Sci. 2009;19(3). doi:10.4314/ejhs.v19i2.69419
   Google Scholar
• Camacho PA, Gomez-Arbelaez D, Otero J, et al. Self-reported prevalence of chronic non-communicable diseases in relation to socioeconomic and educational factors in Colombia: a community-based study in 11 departments. Glob Heart. 2020;15(1). doi:10.5334/gh.792.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Undavalli VK, Ponnaganti SC, Narni H. Prevalence of generalized and abdominal obesity: india’s big problem. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2018;5(4):1311–1316. doi:10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180984
   Google Scholar
• Omar SM, Taha Z, Hassan AA, Al-Wutayd O, Adam I. Prevalence and factors associated with overweight and central obesity among adults in the Eastern Sudan. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0232624. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0232624
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munyogwa MJ, Mtumwa AH. The prevalence of abdominal obesity and its correlates among the adults in Dodoma Region, Tanzania: a community-based cross-sectional study. Adv Med. 2018;2018. doi:10.1155/2018/6123156
   Google Scholar
• Kabwama SN, Kirunda B, Mutungi G, Wesonga R, Bahendeka SK, Guwatudde D. Prevalence and correlates of abdominal obesity among adults in Uganda: findings from a national cross-sectional, population based survey 2014. BMC Obes. 2018;5(1):40. doi:10.1186/s40608-018-0217-1
   Google Scholar
• Malik SK, Kouame J, Gbane M, Coulibaly M, Ake MD, Ake O. Prevalence of abdominal obesity and its correlates among adults in a peri-urban population of West Africa. AIMS Public Health. 2019;6(3):334. doi:10.3934/publichealth.2019.3.334
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raimi TH, Odusan O, Fasanmade O. High prevalence of central obesity in rural South-Western Nigeria: need for targeted prevention; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Aranceta-Bartrina J, Pérez-Rodrigo C, Alberdi-Aresti G, Ramos-Carrera N, Lázaro-Masedo S. Prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity in the Spanish adult population (aged 25–64 years) 2014–2015: the ENPE study. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2016;69(6):579–587. doi:10.1016/j.rec.2016.02.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu S, Xing L, Du Z, et al. Prevalence of obesity and associated risk factors and Cardiometabolic comorbidities in rural Northeast China. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019. doi:10.1155/2019/6509083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu L, Huang X, You C, et al. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, abdominal obesity and obesity-related risk factors in southern China. PLoS One. 2017;12(9):e0183934. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0183934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabrizi JS, Sadeghi-Bazargani H, Farahbakhsh M, Nikniaz L, Nikniaz Z. Prevalence and associated factors of overweight or obesity and abdominal obesity in Iranian population: a population-based study of Northwestern Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2018;47(10):1583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lear S, James P, Ko G, Kumanyika S. Appropriateness of waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio cutoffs for different ethnic groups. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2010;64(1):42–61. doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blüher M. Obesity: global epidemiology and pathogenesis. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2019;15(5):288–298. doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0176-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Speakman JR. Body size, energy metabolism and lifespan. J Exper Biol. 2005;208(9):1717–1730. doi:10.1242/jeb.01556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson DE. Cellular energy metabolism and its regulation; 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Derby CA, Zilber S, Brambilla D, Morales KH, McKinlay JB. Body mass index, waist circumference and waist to hip ratio and change in sex steroid hormones: the Massachusetts male ageing study. Clin Endocrinol. 2006;65(1):125–131. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02560.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasky D, Becerra E, Boto W, Otim M, Ntambi J. Obesity and gender differences in the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Uganda. Nutrition. 2002;18(5):417–421. doi:10.1016/S0899-9007(01)00726-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toth M, Tchernof A, Sites C, Poehlman E. Effect of menopausal status on body composition and abdominal fat distribution. Int J Obes. 2000;24(2):226–231. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norafidah A, Azmawati M, Norfazilah A. Factors influencing abdominal obesity by waist circumference among normal BMI population. Malaysian J Public Health Med. 2013;13(1):37–47.
   Google Scholar
• Tchernof A, Després J-P. Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(1):359–404. doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D, Hou W, Wang F, Arcan C. Peer reviewed: factors affecting obesity and waist circumference among US adults. Preventing chronic disease; 2019: 16.
   Google Scholar
• Mfinangai S, Kivuyo S, Ezekiel L, Ngadaya E, Mghamba J, Ramaiya K. Public health concern and initiatives on the priority action towards non-communicable diseases in Tanzania. Tanzan J Health Res. 2011;13(5 Suppl 1):365.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misra A, Singhal N, Khurana L. Obesity, the metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes in developing countries: role of dietary fats and oils. J Am Coll Nutr. 2010;29(sup3):289S–301S. doi:10.1080/07315724.2010.10719844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayon-Orea C, Martinez-Gonzalez MA, Bes-Rastrollo M. Alcohol consumption and body weight: a systematic review. Nutr Rev. 2011;69(8):419–431. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00403.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traversy G, Chaput J-P. Alcohol consumption and obesity: an update. Curr Obes Rep. 2015;4(1):122–130. doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0129-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalambo MO, Kanoa B, Ellulu MS, Younis S, El-Kariri M. Dietary and lifestyles assessment among obese women in Gaza City, Palestine; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Petersen L, Schnohr P, Sørensen T. Longitudinal study of the long-term relation between physical activity and obesity in adults. Int J Obes. 2004;28(1):105–112. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0802548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobal J, Rauschenbach BS, Frongillo EA Jr. Marital status, fatness and obesity. Soc Sci Med. 1992;35(7):915–923. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90106-Z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janghorbani M, Amini M, Rezvanian H, et al. Association of body mass index and abdominal obesity with marital status in adults; 2008.
   Google Scholar