Influence of Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Levels at Bifurcation on Short-Term Functional Outcomes Among Non-Cardiogenic Ischemic Stroke Patients with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

References

• Wang W, Jiang B, Sun H, et al. Prevalence, incidence, and mortality of stroke in China: results from a nationwide population-based survey of 480 687 adults. Circulation. 2017;135(8):759–771. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.025250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han Y, Hu Y, Yu C, et al. Lifestyle, cardiometabolic disease, and multimorbidity in a prospective Chinese study. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(34):3374–3384. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehab413
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin V, Brainin M, Norrving B, et al. World Stroke Organization (WSO): global stroke fact sheet 2022. Int J Stroke. 2022;17(1):18–29. doi:10.1177/17474930211065917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoon HJ, Kim KH, Park H, et al. Carotid plaque rather than intima-media thickness as a predictor of recurrent vascular events in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Cardiovasc Ultrasound. 2017;15(1):19. doi:10.1186/s12947-017-0110-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Touboul PJ, Hennerici MG, Meairs S, et al. Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness and plaque consensus (2004-2006-2011). An update on behalf of the advisory board of the 3rd, 4th and 5th watching the risk symposia, at the 13th, 15th and 20th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, Brussels, Belgium, 2006, and Hamburg, Germany, 2011. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;34(4):290–296. doi:10.1159/000343145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raggi P, Stein JH. Carotid intima-media thickness should not be referred to as subclinical atherosclerosis: a recommended update to the editorial policy at atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis. 2020;312:119–120. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strecker C, Krafft AJ, Kaufhold L, et al. Carotid geometry is an independent predictor of wall thickness - a 3D cardiovascular magnetic resonance study in patients with high cardiovascular risk. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2020;22(1):67. doi:10.1186/s12968-020-00657-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SW, Antiga L, Spence JD, Steinman DA. Geometry of the carotid bifurcation predicts its exposure to disturbed flow. Stroke. 2008;39(8):2341–2347. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang P, Chen Z, Hippe DS, et al. Association between carotid bifurcation geometry and atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability: a Chinese atherosclerosis risk evaluation study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40(5):1383–1391. doi:10.1161/ATVBAHA.119.313830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siri SRA, Braaten T, Jacobsen BK, Melhus M, Eliassen BM. Distribution of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and the estimated 10-year risk of acute myocardial infarction or cerebral stroke in Sami and non-Sami populations: the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Survey. Scand J Public Health. 2018;46(6):638–646. doi:10.1177/1403494818773534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muzurović E, Mikhailidis D. Diabetes mellitus and noncardiac atherosclerotic vascular disease-pathogenesis and pharmacological treatment options. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther. 2021;26(1):25–39. doi:10.1177/1074248420941675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu J, Yu X, Zheng Y, et al. Association of glucose-lowering medications with cardiovascular outcomes: an umbrella review and evidence map. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2020;8(3):192–205. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30422-X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A. 10. cardiovascular disease and risk management: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(Suppl 1):S103–S123. doi:10.2337/dc19-S010.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kota S, Mahapatra G, Kota S, et al. Carotid intima media thickness in type 2 diabetes mellitus with ischemic stroke. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(4):716–722. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.113767
   Google Scholar
• Shore A, Colhoun H, Natali A, et al. Measures of atherosclerotic burden are associated with clinically manifest cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a European cross-sectional study. J Intern Med. 2015;278(3):291–302. doi:10.1111/joim.12359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powers WJ, Rabinstein AA, Ackerson T, et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a Guideline for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019;50(12):e344–e418. doi:10.1161/STR.0000000000000211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes A. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(Suppl 1):S62–9. doi:10.2337/dc11-S062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi KH, Kim JH, Kang KW, et al. Impact of microbleeds on outcome following recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2018:STROKEAHA118023084. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willeit P, Tschiderer L, Allara E, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness progression as surrogate marker for cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of 119 clinical trials involving 100 667 patients. Circulation. 2020;142(7):621–642. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.120.046361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lehmann A, Alfieri D, de Araújo M, et al. Carotid intima media thickness measurements coupled with stroke severity strongly predict short-term outcome in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a machine learning study. Metab Brain Dis. 2021;36(7):1747–1761. doi:10.1007/s11011-021-00784-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams H, Bendixen B, Kappelle L, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of Org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41. doi:10.1161/01.str.24.1.35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill PA, Redmond EM. Vascular endothelium - Gatekeeper of vessel health. Atherosclerosis. 2016;248:97–109. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbu E, Popescu M, Popescu A, Balanescu S. Inflammation as A precursor of atherothrombosis, diabetes and early vascular aging. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(2):963. doi:10.3390/ijms23020963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry E, Yeatts S, de Havenon A, et al. Predicting 90-day outcome after thrombectomy: baseline-adjusted 24-hour NIHSS is more powerful than NIHSS score change. Stroke. 2021;52(8):2547–2553. doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.032487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savopoulos C, Kaiafa G, Kanellos I, Fountouki A, Theofanidis D, Hatzitolios A. Is management of hyperglycaemia in acute phase stroke still a dilemma? J Endocrinol Invest. 2017;40(5):457–462. doi:10.1007/s40618-016-0584-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plummer M, Deane A. Dysglycemia and glucose control during sepsis. Clin Chest Med. 2016;37(2):309–319. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.01.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao M, Ni J, Zhou L, Peng B, Zhu Y, Cui L. Elevated fasting blood glucose is predictive of poor outcome in non-diabetic stroke patients: a sub-group analysis of SMART. PLoS One. 2016;11(8):e0160674. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xing L, Liu S, Tian Y, et al. C-R relationship between fasting plasma glucose and unfavorable outcomes in patients of ischemic stroke without Diabetes. J Stroke Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;28(5):1400–1408. doi:10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.02.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Zhang C, Zhang S, et al. Inordinate glucose variation poststroke is associated with poor neurological improvement in patients without history of diabetes. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2014;20(6):503–508. doi:10.1111/cns.12251
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts G, Sires J, Chen A, et al. A comparison of the stress hyperglycemia ratio, glycemic gap, and glucose to assess the impact of stress-induced hyperglycemia on ischemic stroke outcome. J Diabetes. 2021;13(12):1034–1042. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.13223
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenz MW, Polak JF, Kavousi M, et al. Carotid intima-media thickness progression to predict cardiovascular events in the general population (the PROG-IMT collaborative project): a meta-analysis of individual participant data. Lancet. 2012;379(9831):2053–2062. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60441-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar P, Sharma R, Misra S, et al. CIMT as a risk factor for stroke subtype: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Invest. 2020;50(11):e13348. doi:10.1111/eci.13348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebrahim S, Papacosta O, Whincup P, et al. Carotid plaque, intima media thickness, cardiovascular risk factors, and prevalent cardiovascular disease in men and women: the British Regional Heart Study. Stroke. 1999;30(4):841–850. doi:10.1161/01.str.30.4.841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalager S, Paaske WP, Kristensen IB, Laurberg JM, Falk E. Artery-related differences in atherosclerosis expression: implications for atherogenesis and dynamics in intima-media thickness. Stroke. 2007;38(10):2698–2705. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.486480
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar