If Not Insulin Resistance so What? – Comparison of Fasting Glycemia in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonism

References

• Kalia LV, Lang AE. Parkinson’s disease. Lancet. 2015;386:896–912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balestrino R, Schapira AHV. Parkinson disease. Eur J Neurol. 2020;27(1):27–42. doi:10.1111/ene.14108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darden L. Mechanisms and models. Cambridge Companion to Philos Biol. 2007;39:139–159.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng B, Liao Z, Locascio JJ, et al. PGC-1α, a potential therapeutic target for early intervention in Parkinson’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2010;2:52ra73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seibler P, Graziotto J, Jeong H, et al. Mitochondrial parkin recruitment is impaired in neurons derived from mutant PINK1 induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurosci. 2021;3:5970–5976.
   Google Scholar
• Guzman JN, Sanchez-Padilla J, Wokosin D, et al. Oxidant stress evoked by pacemaking in dopaminergic neurons is attenuated by DJ-1. Nature. 2010;468(7324):696–700. doi:10.1038/nature09536
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitton PS. Inflammation as a causative factor in the aetiology of Parkinson’s disease. Br J Pharmacol. 2007;150:963–976. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbosa ER. Premotor manifestations of Parkinson’s disease. Rev Neurol. 2010;50:65–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim HS, Cheon SM, Seo JW, et al. Nonmotor symptoms more closely related to Parkinson’s disease: comparison with normal elderly. J Neurol Sci. 2013;324:70–73. doi:10.1016/j.jns.2012.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grażyńska A, Urbaś W, Antoniuk S, et al. Comparative analysis of non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s Disease and atypical parkinsonisms. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2020;197:106088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merola A, Romagnolo A, Rosso M, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a prospective cohort study. Mov Disord. 2018;33:391–397. doi:10.1002/mds.27268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labandeira CM, Fraga-Bau A, Arias Ron D, et al. Diabetes, insulin and new therapeutic strategies for Parkinson’s disease: focus on glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2021;62:100914. doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G, Jousilahti P, Bidel S, Antikainen R. Type 2 diabetes and the risk of Parkinson’s Disease. Diabetes Care. 2007;30:842–847. doi:10.2337/dc06-2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Q, Park Y, Huang X, et al. Diabetes and risk of Parkinson’s disease. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(4):910–915. doi:10.2337/dc10-1922
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue X, Li H, Yan H, et al. Risk of Parkinson disease in diabetes mellitus: an updated meta-analysis of population-based cohort studies. Medicine. 2016;95:3549. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YW, Hsieh TF, Li CI, et al. Increased risk of Parkinson disease with diabetes mellitus in a population-based study. Medicine. 2017;15(1):96. doi:10.1186/s12916-017-0859-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung HS, Lee JS, Kim JA, et al. Fasting plasma glucose variability in midlife and risk of Parkinson’s disease: a nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Metab. 2021;47:101195.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques A, Dutheil F, Durand E, et al. Glucose dysregulation in Parkinson’s disease: too much glucose or not enough insulin? Park Relat Disord. 2018;55:122–127. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2018.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Diaz R, Abdulreda MH, Formoso AL, et al. Innervation patterns of autonomic axons in the human endocrine pancreas. Cell Metab. 2011;14(1):45–54. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2011.05.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinbusch L, Labouèbe G, Thorens B. Brain glucose sensing in homeostatic and hedonic regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2015;26:455–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Woert MH, Mueller PS. Glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid metabolism in Parkinson’s disease treated with levodopa. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1971;12:360–367. doi:10.1002/cpt1971122part2360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aviles-Olmos I, Limousin P, Lees A, Foltynie T. Parkinson’s disease, insulin resistance and novel agents of neuroprotection. Brain. 2013;136:374–384. doi:10.1093/brain/aws009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. The relationship between diabetes mellitus and Parkinson’s disease. Intern J Neurosci. 1993;69:125–130. doi:10.3109/00207459309003322
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scigliano G, Musicco M, Soliveri P, et al. Reduced risk factors for vascular disorders in Parkinson disease patients: a case-control study. Stroke. 2006;37:1184–1188. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000217384.03237.9c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn L, Allen GFG, Mamais A, et al. Dysregulation of glucose metabolism is an early event in sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2014;35:1111–1115. doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.11.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma MK, Jalewa J, H¨olscher C. Neuroprotective and anti-apoptotic effects of liraglutide on SH-SY5Y cells exposed to methylglyoxal stress. J Neurochem. 2014;128:459–471. doi:10.1111/jnc.12469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin J, Kurz A, Arzberger T, et al. The differential diagnosis and treatment of atypical parkinsonism. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2016;113:61–69. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2016.0061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanciulli A, Stankovic I, Krismer F, et al. Multiple system atrophy. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2019;149:137–192. doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2019.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fabbrini G, Fabbrini A, Suppa A. Progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy and corticobasal degeneration. Handb Clin Neurol. 2019;165:155–177.
   Google Scholar
• Stamelou M, Hoeglinger GU. Atypical parkinsonism: an update. Curr Opin Neurol. 2013;26(4):401–405. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e3283632da6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia KP, Stamelou M. Nonmotor features in atypical Parkinsonism. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2017;134:1285–1301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesekara N, Ahrens R, Wu L, et al. α-synuclein regulates peripheral insulin secretion and glucose transport. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021;13:1–9. doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.665348
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassil F, Canron MH, Vital A, et al. Insulin resistance and exendin-4 treatment for multiple system atrophy. Brain. 2017;140:1420–1436. doi:10.1093/brain/awx044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes: Executive Summary; 2016. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241565257. Accessed May 4, 2022
   Google Scholar
• Taylor R. Insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2012;61(4):778–779. doi:10.2337/db12-0073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochlani Y, Pothineni NV, Kovelamudi S, et al. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Ther Adv Vaccines. 2018;9:259–261.
   Google Scholar
• Metelko Ž, Pavlić-Renar I, Poljičanin T, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Croatia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2008;81:263–267. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2008.04.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin WRW, Miles M, Zhong Q, et al. Is levodopa response a valid indicator of parkinson’s disease? Mov Disord. 2021;36:948–954. doi:10.1002/mds.28406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschbichler ST, Erro R, Ganos C, et al. “Atypical” atypical parkinsonism: critical appraisal of a cohort. Park Relat Disord. 2017;37:36–42. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.12.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan A, Sharma Kandel R, Mishra R, et al. Diabetes mellitus and parkinson’s disease: shared pathophysiological links and possible therapeutic implications. Cureus. 2020;12. doi:10.7759/cureus.9853
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painous C, Martí MJ, Simonet C, et al. Prediagnostic motor and non-motor symptoms in progressive supranuclear palsy: the step-back PSP study. Park Relat Disord. 2020;74:67–73. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.03.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kansal S, Kamble TK. Lipid Profile in Prediabetes. J Assoc Physicians India. 2016;64:18–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lorenzo C, Hartnett S, Hanley AJ, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance have distinct lipoprotein and apolipoprotein changes: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(4):1622–1630. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3185
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez KE, Tucker LA, Bailey BW, LeCheminant JD. Expanded normal weight obesity and insulin resistance in US adults of the national health and nutrition examination survey. J Diabetes Res. 2017;2017:1–8. doi:10.1155/2017/9502643
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbasi F, Brown BW, Lamendola C, et al. Relationship between obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary heart disease risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:937–943. doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(02)02051-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Farai HH, Al-Aboodi I, Al-Sawafi A, et al. Insulin resistance and its correlation with risk factors for developing diabetes mellitus in 100 Omani medical students. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J. 2014;14:393–396.
   Google Scholar
• Ali A, Taj A, Ahmed MU, Tabrez E. Frequency of impaired fasting glucose in first degree relatives of type-ii diabetic patients and its association with body mass index. Pakistan J Med Sci. 2020;36:407–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reekes TH, Higginson CI, Ledbetter CR, et al. Sex specific cognitive differences in Parkinson disease. Npj Park Dis. 2020;6:1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tonolo G. Sex-gender awareness in diabetes. Diabetology. 2021;2(2):117–122. doi:10.3390/diabetology2020010
   Google Scholar
• Williams JW, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE, et al. Gender differences in the prevalence of impaired fasting glycemia and impaired glucose tolerance in Mauritius Does sex matter? Diabet Med. 2003;20:915–920. doi:10.1046/j.1464-5491.2003.01059.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anagnostis P, Stevenson JC, Crook D, et al. Effects of menopause, gender and age on lipids and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol subfractions. Maturitas. 2015;81:62–68. doi:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.02.262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar