289
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Cigarette Smoking and Peripheral Vascular Disease are Associated with Increasing Risk of ESKAPE Pathogen Infection in Diabetic Foot Ulcers

, , , , , , & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 3271-3283 | Received 01 Aug 2022, Accepted 18 Oct 2022, Published online: 26 Oct 2022

References

  • International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 10th ed. International Diabetes Federation; 2021.
  • Jneid J, Lavigne JP, La Scola B, Cassir N. The diabetic foot microbiota: a review. Hum Microbiome J. 2017;5–6:1–6. doi:10.1016/j.humic.2017.09.002
  • Noor S, Zubair M, Ahmad J. Diabetic foot ulcer--A review on pathophysiology, classification and microbial etiology. Diabetes Metabol Syndrome. 2015;93:192–199. doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2015.04.007
  • Wang A, Lv G, Cheng X, et al. Guidelines on multidisciplinary approaches for the prevention and management of diabetic foot disease (2020 edition). Burns Trauma. 2020;8. doi:10.1093/burnst/tkaa017
  • Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;2012(5412):e132–e73.
  • Pitocco D, Spanu T, Di Leo M, et al. Diabetic foot infections: a comprehensive overview. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2019;232:26–37.
  • Walsh JW, Hoffstad OJ, Sullivan MO, Margolis DJ. Association of diabetic foot ulcer and death in a population-based cohort from the United Kingdom. Diabetic Med. 2016;3311:1493–1498. doi:10.1111/dme.13054
  • Nigi L, Fondelli C, de Donato G, Palasciano G, Setacci C, Dotta F. Fighting diabetic foot ulcers-The diabetologist: a king maker of the fight. Semin Vasc Surg. 2018;312–314:49–55. doi:10.1053/j.semvascsurg.2018.12.003
  • Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;2012(5412):e132–e173.
  • Rice LB. Federal funding for the study of antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial pathogens: no ESKAPE. J Infect Dis. 2008;1978:1079–1081. doi:10.1086/533452
  • Breen JD, Karchmer AW. Staphylococcus aureus infections in diabetic patients. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1995;91:11–24. doi:10.1016/S0891-5520(20)30638-3
  • Macdonald KE, Boeckh S, Stacey HJ, Jones JD. The microbiology of diabetic foot infections: a meta-analysis. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;211:770. doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06516-7
  • Shanmugam P. The bacteriology of diabetic foot ulcers, with a special reference to multidrug resistant strains. J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2013;73:441–445.
  • Li X, Cheng Q, Du Z, Zhu S, Cheng C. Microbiological concordance in the management of diabetic foot ulcer infections with osteomyelitis, on the basis of cultures of different specimens at a diabetic foot center in China. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:1493–1503. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S296484
  • Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, et al. Executive summary: 2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America Clinical Practice Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(12):1679–1684. doi:10.1093/cid/cis460
  • Li Z, Xie J, Yang J, et al. Pathogenic characteristics and risk factors for ESKAPE pathogens infection in burn patients. Infect Drug Resist. 2021;14:4727–4738. doi:10.2147/IDR.S338627
  • Ouyang W, Jia Y, Jin L. Risk factors of diabetic foot ulcer in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Transl Res. 2021;138:9554–9561.
  • Lavery LA, Armstrong DG, Wunderlich RP, Mohler MJ, Wendel CS, Lipsky BA. Risk factors for foot infections in individuals with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;296:1288–1293. doi:10.2337/dc05-2425
  • Moura J, Madureira P, Leal EC, Fonseca AC, Carvalho E. Immune aging in diabetes and its implications in wound healing. Clin Immunol. 2019;200:43–54. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2019.02.002
  • Perera D, Kleinstein SE, Hanson B, et al. Impaired host response and the presence of Acinetobacter baumannii in the serum microbiome of type-II diabetic patients. iScience. 2021;241:101941. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2020.101941
  • Liu C, Ponsero AJ, Armstrong DG, Lipsky BA, Hurwitz BL. The dynamic wound microbiome. BMC Medicine. 2020;181:358. doi:10.1186/s12916-020-01820-6
  • Founou RC, Founou LL, Essack SY, Butaye P. Clinical and economic impact of antibiotic resistance in developing countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;1212:e0189621. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189621
  • Pendleton JN, Gorman SP, Gilmore BF. Clinical relevance of the ESKAPE pathogens. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2013;113:297–308. doi:10.1586/eri.13.12
  • Mulani MS, Kamble EE, Kumkar SN, Tawre MS, Pardesi KR. Emerging strategies to combat ESKAPE pathogens in the era of antimicrobial resistance: a review. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:539. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00539
  • Tascini C, Piaggesi A, Tagliaferri E, et al. Microbiology at first visit of moderate-to-severe diabetic foot infection with antimicrobial activity and a survey of quinolone monotherapy. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2011;941:133–139. doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2011.07.017
  • Jneid J, Cassir N, Schuldiner S, et al. Exploring the microbiota of diabetic foot infections with culturomics. Front Cellular Infect Microbiol. 2018;8:282. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2018.00282
  • Al Benwan K, Al Mulla A, Rotimi VO. A study of the microbiology of diabetic foot infections in a teaching hospital in Kuwait. J Infect Public Health. 2012;51:1–8. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.004
  • Castleman MJ, Pokhrel S, Triplett KD, et al. Innate sex bias of staphylococcus aureus skin infection is driven by α-hemolysin. J Immunol. 1950;2018(2002):657–668.
  • Serra R, Grande R, Butrico L, et al. Chronic wound infections: the role of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2015;135:605–613. doi:10.1586/14787210.2015.1023291
  • Xia N, Morteza A, Yang F, Cao H, Wang A. Review of the role of cigarette smoking in diabetic foot. J Diabetes Investig. 2019;102:202–215. doi:10.1111/jdi.12952
  • Sen P, Demirdal T, Emir B. Meta-analysis of risk factors for amputation in diabetic foot infections. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2019;357:e3165.
  • Tollerud DJ, Clark JW, Brown LM, et al. Association of cigarette smoking with decreased numbers of circulating natural killer cells. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1989;1391:194–198. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/139.1.194
  • Hogan AE, Corrigan MA, O’Reilly V, et al. Cigarette smoke alters the invariant natural killer T cell function and may inhibit anti-tumor responses. Clin immunol. 2011;1403:229–235. doi:10.1016/j.clim.2011.01.011
  • Hammad R, Elmadbouly AA, Ahmad IH, et al. T-natural killers and interferon gamma/interleukin 4 in augmentation of infection in foot ulcer in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2021;14:1897–1908. doi:10.2147/DMSO.S305511
  • Arcavi L, Benowitz NL. Cigarette smoking and infection. Arch Intern Med. 2004;16420:2206–2216. doi:10.1001/archinte.164.20.2206
  • Saeed K, Esposito S, Akram A, et al. Hot topics in diabetic foot infection. Int J Antimicrobial Agents. 2020;556:105942. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105942
  • Sørensen LT, Jørgensen S, Petersen LJ, et al. Acute effects of nicotine and smoking on blood flow, tissue oxygen, and aerobe metabolism of the skin and subcutis. J Surg Res. 2009;1522:224–230. doi:10.1016/j.jss.2008.02.066
  • Dryden M, Baguneid M, Eckmann C, et al. Pathophysiology and burden of infection in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral vascular disease: focus on skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(Suppl 2):S27–S32. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.024
  • Altenburg N, Joraschky P, Barthel A, et al. Alcohol consumption and other psycho-social conditions as important factors in the development of diabetic foot ulcers. Diabetic Med. 2011;282:168–174. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03151.x
  • Shi X, DeLucia AL, Bao J, Zhang P. Alcohol abuse and disorder of granulopoiesis. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;198:206–219. doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.03.001
  • Monteiro-Soares M, Russell D, Boyko EJ, et al. Guidelines on the classification of diabetic foot ulcers (IWGDF 2019). Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2020;36(Suppl 1):e3273. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3273