References
- Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences USACholineDietary Reference Intakes for Folate, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and CholineWashington, DCNational Academy Press1998390422
- ZeiselSHCholine: critical role during fetal development and dietary requirements in adultsAnnu Rev Nutr20062622925016848706
- ZeiselSHMarMHHoweJCHoldenJMConcentrations of choline-containing compounds and betaine in common foodsJ Nutr200313351302130712730414
- ShawGMCarmichaelSLYangWSelvinSSchafferDMPericonceptional dietary intake of choline and betaine and neural tube defects in offspringAm J Epidemiol2004160210210915234930
- ChoEZeiselSHJacquesPDietary choline and betaine assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring StudyAm J Clin Nutr200683490591116600945
- BidulescuAChamblessLESiega-RizAMZeiselSHHeissGUsual choline and betaine dietary intake and incident coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) studyBMC Cardiovasc Disord200772017629908
- BidulescuAChamblessLESiega-RizAMZeiselSHHeissGRepeatability and measurement error in the assessment of choline and betaine dietary intake: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) studyNutr J200981419232103
- ChoEWillettWCColditzGADietary choline and betaine and the risk of distal colorectal adenoma in womenJ Natl Cancer Inst200799161224123117686825
- Gossell-WilliamsMFletcherHMcFarlane-AndersonNJacobAPatelJZeiselSDietary intake of choline and plasma choline concentrations in pregnant women in JamaicaWest Indian Med J200554635535916642650
- HollenbeckCBAn introduction to the nutrition and metabolism of cholineCent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem201212210011322483274
- BurgMMolecular basis of osmotic regulationAm J Physiol19952686 Pt 2F983F9967611465
- JohnsonARCraciunescuCNGuoZDeletion of murine choline dehydrogenase results in diminished sperm motilityFASEB J20102482752276120371614
- TengYWMehedintMGGarrowTAZeiselSHDeletion of betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase in mice perturbs choline and 1-carbon metabolism, resulting in fatty liver and hepatocellular carcinomasJ Biol Chem201128642362583626721878621
- CohenELWurtmanRJBrain acetylcholine: control by dietary cholineScience197619142275615621251187
- Varela-MoreirasGSelhubJda CostaKZeiselSHEffect of chronic choline deficiency in rats on liver folate content and distributionJ Nutr Biochem19923519522
- SelhubJSeyoumEPomfretEAZeiselSHEffects of choline deficiency and methotrexate treatment upon liver folate content and distributionCancer Res199151116211988081
- ShinWYanJAbratteCMVermeylenFCaudillMACholine intake exceeding current dietary recommendations preserves markers of cellular methylation in a genetic subgroup of folate-compromised menJ Nutr2010140597598020220206
- ZeiselSHDa CostaKAFranklinPDCholine, an essential nutrient for humansFASEB J199157209320982010061
- FischerLMda CostaKAKwockLGalankoJZeiselSHDietary choline requirements of women: effects of estrogen and genetic variationAm J Clin Nutr20109251113111920861172
- FischerLMdaCostaKKwockLSex and menopausal status influence human dietary requirements for the nutrient cholineAm J Clin Nutr20078551275128517490963
- da CostaKABadeaMFischerLMZeiselSHElevated serum creatine phosphokinase in choline-deficient humans: mechanistic studies in C2C12 mouse myoblastsAm J Clin Nutr200480116317015213044
- BuchmanALAmentMESohelMCholine deficiency causes reversible hepatic abnormalities in patients receiving parenteral nutrition: proof of a human choline requirement: a placebo-controlled trialJPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr200125526026811531217
- NogaAAVanceDEA gender-specific role for phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-derived phosphatidylcholine in the regulation of plasma high density and very low density lipoproteins in miceJ Biol Chem200327824218512185912668679
- AlbrightCDda CostaKACraciunescuCNKlemEMarMHZeiselSHRegulation of choline deficiency apoptosis by epidermal growth factor in CWSV-1 rat hepatocytesCell Physiol Biochem2005151–4596815665516
- Holmes-McNaryMQLoyRMarMHAlbrightCDZeiselSHApoptosis is induced by choline deficiency in fetal brain and in PC12 cellsBrain Res Dev Brain Res19971011–2916
- AlbrightCDLuiRBetheaTCDa CostaKASalganikRIZeiselSHCholine deficiency induces apoptosis in SV40-immortalized CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes in cultureFASEB J19961045105168647350
- Holmes-McNaryMQBaldwinASJrZeiselSHOpposing regulation of choline deficiency-induced apoptosis by p53 and nuclear factor kappaBJ Biol Chem200127644411974120411483591
- PageLMGirlingJCA novel cause for abnormal liver function tests in pregnancy and the puerperium: non-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseBJOG2011118121532153521880110
- CorbinKDAbdelmalekMFSpencerMDGenetic signatures in choline and 1-carbon metabolism are associated with the severity of hepatic steatosisFASEB J2013
- OngJPYounossiZMEpidemiology and natural history of NAFLD and NASHClin Liver Dis2007111116vii17544968
- CorbinKDZeiselSHCholine metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progressionCurr Opin Gastroenterol201228215916522134222
- JiangXBarHYYanJA higher maternal choline intake among third-trimester pregnant women lowers placental and circulating concentrations of the antiangiogenic factor fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT1)FASEB J Epub November 29, 2012
- JiangXYanJWestAAMaternal choline intake alters the epigenetic state of fetal cortisol-regulating genes in humansFASEB J20122683563357422549509
- ShawGMCarmichaelSLLaurentCRasmussenSAMaternal nutrient intakes and risk of orofacial cleftsEpidemiology200617328529116570024
- CraciunescuCNAlbrightCDMarMHSongJZeiselSHCholine availability during embryonic development alters progenitor cell mitosis in developing mouse hippocampusJ Nutr2003133113614361814608083
- GlennMJGibsonEMKirbyEDMellottTJBlusztajnJKWilliamsCLPrenatal choline availability modulates hippocampal neurogenesis and neurogenic responses to enriching experiences in adult female ratsEur J Neurosci20072582473248217445242
- MeckWHSmithRAWilliamsCLPre- and postnatal choline supplementation produces long-term facilitation of spatial memoryDev Psychobiol19882143393533378679
- PyapaliGKTurnerDAWilliamsCLMeckWHSwartzwelderHSPrenatal choline supplementation decreases the threshold for induction of long-term potentiation in young adult ratsJ Neurophysiol1998797179017969535948
- GlennMJKirbyEDGibsonEMAge-related declines in exploratory behavior and markers of hippocampal plasticity are attenuated by prenatal choline supplementation in ratsBrain Res2008123711012318786518
- PolyCMassaroJMSeshadriSThe relation of dietary choline to cognitive performance and white-matter hyperintensity in the Framingham Offspring CohortAm J Clin Nutr20119461584159122071706
- CheathamCLGoldmanBDFischerLMda CostaKAReznickJSZeiselSHPhosphatidylcholine supplementation in pregnant women consuming moderate-choline diets does not enhance infant cognitive function: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trialAm J Clin Nutr20129661465147223134891
- HoymeHEMayPAKalbergWOA practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: clarification of the 1996 institute of medicine criteriaPediatrics20051151394715629980
- ThomasJDIdrusNMMonkBRDominguezHDPrenatal choline supplementation mitigates behavioral alterations associated with prenatal alcohol exposure in ratsBirth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol2010881082783720706995
- ThomasJDAbouEJDominguezHDPrenatal choline supplementation mitigates the adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on development in ratsNeurotoxicol Teratol200931530331119616089
- ThomasJDBianeJSO’BryanKAO’NeillTMDominguezHDCholine supplementation following third-trimester-equivalent alcohol exposure attenuates behavioral alterations in ratsBehav Neurosci2007121112013017324056
- BremerJFigardPHGreenbergDMThe biosynthesis of choline and its relation to phospholipid metabolismBiochim Biophys Acta196043477488
- United States Department of AgricultureUSDA Database for the Choline Content of Common Foods, Release 22008 Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=6232 Assessed March 10,2013
- ResseguieMSongJNiculescuMDda CostaKARandallTAZeiselSHPhosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytesFASEB J200721102622263217456783
- YanJWangWGregoryJF3rdMTHFR C677T genotype influences the isotopic enrichment of one-carbon metabolites in folate-compromised men consuming d9-cholineAm J Clin Nutr201193234835521123458
- ChewTWJiangXYanJFolate intake, MTHFR genotype, and sex modulate choline metabolism in miceJ Nutr201114181475148121697299
- SweiryJHYudilevichDLCharacterization of choline transport at maternal and fetal interfaces of the perfused guinea-pig placentaJ Physiol19853662512664057092
- WelschFStudies on accumulation and metabolic fate of (N-Me3H)choline in human term placenta fragmentsBiochem Pharmacol1976259102110301267847
- ZeiselSHWurtmanRJDevelopmental changes in rat blood choline concentrationBiochem J198119835655707034731
- ZeiselSHEpsteinMFWurtmanRJElevated choline concentration in neonatal plasmaLife Sci19802621182718317392816
- ZeiselSHMarMHZhouZda CostaKAPregnancy and lactation are associated with diminished concentrations of choline and its metabolites in rat liverJ Nutr199512512304930547500183
- FischerLMda CostaKAGalankoJCholine intake and genetic polymorphisms influence choline metabolite concentrations in human breast milk and plasmaAm J Clin Nutr201092233634620534746
- Holmes-McNaryMQChengWLMarMHFussellSZeiselSHCholine and choline esters in human and rat milk and in infant formulasAm J Clin Nutr19966445725768839502
- RohlfsEMGarnerSCMarMHZeiselSHGlycerophosphocholine and phosphocholine are the major choline metabolites in rat milkJ Nutr199312310176217688410369
- ChaoCKPomfretEAZeiselSHUptake of choline by rat mammary-gland epithelial cellsBiochem J1988254133383178755
- YangEKBlusztajnJKPomfretEAZeiselSHRat and human mammary tissue can synthesize choline moiety via the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamineBiochem J198825638218283223955
- ZeiselSHCharDSheardNFCholine, phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin in human and bovine milk and infant formulasJ Nutr1986116150583944656
- YanJJiangXWestAAMaternal choline intake modulates maternal and fetal biomarkers of choline metabolism in humansAm J Clin Nutr20129551060107122418088
- da CostaKASandersLMFischerLMZeiselSHDocosahexaenoic acid in plasma phosphatidylcholine may be a potential marker for in vivo phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity in humansAm J Clin Nutr201193596897421411618
- CaoDKevalaKKimJDocosahexaenoic acid promotes hippocampal neuronal development and synaptic functionJ Neurochem2009111251052119682204
- ShaWda CostaKAFischerLMMetabolomic profiling can predict which humans will develop liver dysfunction when deprived of dietary cholineFASEB J20102482962297520371621
- da CostaKAKozyrevaOGSongJGalankoJAFischerLMZeiselSHCommon genetic polymorphisms affect the human requirement for the nutrient cholineFASEB J20062091336134416816108
- KohlmeierMda CostaKAFischerLMZeiselSHGenetic variation of folate-mediated one-carbon transfer pathway predicts susceptibility to choline deficiency in humansProc Natl Acad Sci U S A200510244160251603016236726
- ResseguieMEda CostaKAGalankoJAPatelMDavisIJZeiselSHAberrant estrogen regulation of PEMT results in choline deficiency-associated liver dysfunctionJ Biol Chem201128621649165821059658
- IvanovANash-BarbozaSHinkisSCaudillMAGenetic variants in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase influence biomarkers of choline metabolism when folate intake is restrictedJ Am Diet Assoc2009109231331819167960
- ZeiselSHWishnokJSBlusztajnJKFormation of methylamines from ingested choline and lecithinJ Pharmacol Exp Ther198322523203246842395
- GelenbergAJDoller-WojcikJCGrowdonJHCholine and lecithin in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: preliminary results from a pilot studyAm J Psychiatry19791366772776375755
- WangZKlipfellEBennettBJGut flora metabolism of phosphatidylcholine promotes cardiovascular diseaseNature20114727341576321475195