Social Stigma Toward Individuals with Schizophrenia in a Lebanese Population

References

• Valery KM, Prouteau A. Schizophrenia stigma in mental health professionals and associated factors: a systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2020;290:113068. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link BG, Phelan JC, Bresnahan M, Stueve A, Pescosolido BA. Public conceptions of mental illness: labels, causes, dangerousness, and social distance. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1328–1333. doi:10.2105/AJPH.89.9.1328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thornicroft G, Rose D, Kassam A, Sartorius N. Stigma: ignorance, prejudice or discrimination? Br J Psychiatry. 2007;190:192–193. doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.025791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demirkol ME, Tamam L, Namlı Z, Uğur K, Karaytuğ MO. The mediating effect of depression and disability in the relationship between schizophreniaand self-esteem. Psychiatr Q. 2020;91(2):363–378. doi:10.1007/s11126-019-09706-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koschorke M, Padmavati R, Kumar S, et al. Experiences of stigma and discrimination of people with schizophrenia in India. Soc Sci Med. 2014;123:149–159. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.10.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayan A, Fawaz M. Cultural misconceptions and public stigma against mental illness among Lebanese university students. Perspect Psychiatr Care. 2018;54(2):258–265. doi:10.1111/ppc.12232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayan A, Obiedate K. The correlates of quality of life among Jordanian patients with schizophrenia. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2017;23(6):404–413. doi:10.1177/1078390317710498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang LH. Application of mental illness stigma theory to Chinese societies: synthesis and new directions. Singapore Med J. 2007;48(11):977–985.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thornicroft G, Brohan E, Rose D, Sartorius N, Leese M. Global pattern of experienced and anticipated discrimination against people with schizophrenia: a cross-sectional survey. Lancet. 2009;373(9661):408–415. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61817-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraguchi K, Maeda M, Mei YX, Uchimura N. Stigma associated with schizophrenia: cultural comparison of social distance in Japan and China. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2009;63(2):153–160. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2009.01922.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurumatani T, Ukawa K, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Teachers’ knowledge, beliefs and attitudes concerning schizophrenia- A cross-cultural approach in Japan and Taiwan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2004;39(5):402–409. doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0758-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Krenawi A. Mental health practice in Arab countries. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2005;18(5):560–564. doi:10.1097/01.yco.0000179498.46182.8b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zolezzi M, Alamri M, Shaar S, Rainkie D. Stigma associated with mental illness and its treatment in the Arab culture: a systematic review. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2018;64(6):597–609. doi:10.1177/0020764018789200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahda M, Sherra K, Mahmoud E, Elsaid O. Consultation–liaison psychiatric services in Dubai, UAE: a descriptive analysis study. Egypt J Psych. 2016;37:111. doi:10.4103/1110-1105.193017
   Google Scholar
• Marie M, Hannigan B, Jones A. Mental health needs and services in the West Bank, Palestine. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2016;10:23. doi:10.1186/s13033-016-0056-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shoib S, Ullah I, Handuleh JIM, Arafat SMY, Ramalho R. Mental health crisis in Yemen. Asian J Psychiatr. 2021;64:102793. doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2021.102793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamza MK, Hicks MH. Implementation of mental health services in conflict and post-conflict zones: lessons from Syria. Avicenna J Med. 2021;11(1):8–14. doi:10.4103/ajm.ajm_141_20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abi Doumit C, Haddad C, Sacre H, et al. Knowledge, attitude and behaviors towards patients with mental illness: results from a national Lebanese study. PLoS One. 2019;14(9):e0222172. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfil M, Negida A. Sampling methods in clinical research; an educational review. Emerg. 2017;5:1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiderman EA, Vazquez G, Berizzo C, et al. Public knowledge, beliefs and attitudes towards patients with schizophrenia: buenos Aires. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2011;46(4):281–290. doi:10.1007/s00127-010-0196-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grandon P, Aguilera AV, Bustos C, Alzate EC, Saldivia S. Evaluation of the stigma towards people with a diagnosis of schizophrenia using a knowledge scale. Rev Colomb Psiquiatr. 2018;47(2):72–81.
   Google Scholar
• Evans-Lacko S, Rose D, Little K, et al. Development and psychometric properties of the reported and intended behaviour scale (RIBS): a stigma-related behaviour measure. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2011;20(3):263–271. doi:10.1017/S2045796011000308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AH, Stuart H, Bland RC, et al. Attitudes about schizophrenia from the pilot site of the WPA worldwide campaign against the stigma of schizophrenia. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2002;37(10):475–482. doi:10.1007/s00127-002-0583-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuart H, Arboleda-Florez J. Community attitudes toward people with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry. 2001;46(3):245–252. doi:10.1177/070674370104600304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arboleda-flórez J. Stigma and discrimination: an overview 2005. World Psychiatry. 2005;4(supplement 1):8–10.
   Google Scholar
• Gaebel W, Baumann A, Witte AM, Zaeske H. Public attitudes towards people with mental illness in six German cities: results of a public survey under special consideration of schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2002;252(6):278–287. doi:10.1007/s00406-002-0393-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schomerus G, Kenzin D, Borsche J, Matschinger H, Angermeyer MC. The association of schizophrenia with split personality is not an ubiquitous phenomenon: results from population studies in Russia and Germany. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007;42(10):780–786. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0235-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement S, Foster N. Newspaper reporting on schizophrenia: a content analysis of five national newspapers at two time points. Schizophr Res. 2008;98(1–3):178–183. doi:10.1016/j.schres.2007.09.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazel S, Langstrom N, Hjern A, Grann M, Lichtenstein P. Schizophrenia, substance abuse, and violent crime. JAMA. 2009;301(19):2016–2023. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen PR. Portrayals of schizophrenia by entertainment media: a content analysis of contemporary movies. Psychiatr Serv. 2012;63(7):655–659. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201100371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durand-Zaleski I, Scott J, Rouillon F, Leboyer M. A first national survey of knowledge, attitudes and behaviours towards schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and autism in France. BMC Psychiatry. 2012;12:128. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-12-128
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abolfotouh MA, Almutairi AF, Almutairi Z, et al. Attitudes toward mental illness, mentally ill persons, and help-seeking among the Saudi public and sociodemographic correlates. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2019;12:45–54. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S191676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Economou M, Richardson C, Gramandani C, Stalikas A, Stefanis C. Knowledge about schizophrenia and attitudes towards people with schizophrenia in Greece. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2009;55(4):361–371. doi:10.1177/0020764008093957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Li J, Thornicroft G, Huang Y. Levels of stigma among community mental health staff in Guangzhou, China. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:231. doi:10.1186/s12888-014-0231-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Huang X, Jackson T, Chen R. Components of implicit stigma against mental illness among Chinese students. PLoS One. 2012;7:9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aznar-Lou I, Serrano-Blanco A, Fernandez A, Luciano JV, Rubio-Valera M. Attitudes and intended behaviour to mental disorders and associated factors in Catalan population, Spain: cross-sectional population-based survey. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:127. doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2815-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanko A, Abute L, Tamirat T. Attitudes towards schizophrenia and associated factors among community members in Hossana town: a mixed method study. BMC Psychiatry. 2023;23(1):80. doi:10.1186/s12888-023-04555-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taskin EO, Sen FS, Aydemir O, Demet MM, Ozmen E, Icelli I. Public attitudes to schizophrenia in rural Turkey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2003;38(10):586–592. doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0655-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar