Improving fluid resuscitation in pediatric shock with LifeFlow^®: a retrospective case series and review of the literature

References

• Carcillo JA, Kuch BA, Han YY, et al. Mortality and functional morbidity after use of PALS/APLS by community physicians. Pediatrics. 2009;124:500–508. doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1967
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balamuth F, Weiss SL, Fitzgerald JC, et al. Protocolized treatment is associated with decreased organ dysfunction in pediatric severe sepsis. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016;17:817–822. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akcan Arikan A, Williams EA, Graf JM, Kennedy CE, Patel B, Cruz AT. Resuscitation bundle in pediatric shock decreases acute kidney injury and improves outcomes. J Pediatr. 2015;167:1301–1305 e1301. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.08.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carcillo JA, Davis AL, Zaritsky A. Role of early fluid resuscitation in pediatric septic shock. JAMA. 1991;266:1242–1245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han YY, Carcillo JA, Dragotta MA, et al. Early reversal of pediatric-neonatal septic shock by community physicians is associated with improved outcome. Pediatrics. 2003;112:793–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira CF, Nogueira de Sa FR, Oliveira DS, et al. Time- and fluid-sensitive resuscitation for hemodynamic support of children in septic shock: barriers to the implementation of the American College of Critical Care Medicine/Pediatric Advanced Life Support Guidelines in a pediatric intensive care unit in a developing world. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008;24:810–815. doi:10.1097/PEC.0b013e31818e9f3a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lane RD, Funai T, Reeder R, Larsen GY. High reliability pediatric septic shock quality improvement initiative and decreasing mortality. Pediatrics. 2016;138:e20154153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leisman D, Wie B, Doerfler M, et al. Association of fluid resuscitation initiation within 30 minutes of severe sepsis and septic shock recognition with reduced mortality and length of stay. Ann Emerg Med. 2016;68:298–311. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.02.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul R, Neuman MI, Monuteaux MC, Melendez E. Adherence to PALS sepsis guidelines and hospital length of stay. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e273–e280. doi:10.1542/peds.2012-0094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen GY, Mecham N, Greenberg R. An emergency department septic shock protocol and care guideline for children initiated at triage. Pediatrics. 2011;127:e1585–e1592. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long E, Sabato S, Babl FE. Endotracheal intubation in the pediatric emergency department. Paediatr Anaesth. 2014;24:1204–1211. doi:10.1111/pan.12490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moresco BL, Woosley C, Sauter M, Bhalala U. Poor compliance with sepsis guidelines in a tertiary care children’s hospital emergency room. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:53. doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs CS, Tomasek J, Yong CJ, et al; Investigators RT. Ramucirumab monotherapy for previously treated advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (REGARD): an international, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2014;383:31–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61719-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin K, Weiss SL. Initial resuscitation and management of pediatric septic shock. Minerva Pediatr. 2015;67:141–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddick AD, Ronald J, Morrison WG. Intravenous fluid resuscitation: was Poiseuille right? Emerg Med J. 2011;28:201–202. doi:10.1136/emj.2009.083485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stoner MJ, Goodman DG, Cohen DM, Fernandez SA, Hall MW. Rapid fluid resuscitation in pediatrics: testing the American College of Critical Care Medicine guideline. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50:601–607. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2007.06.482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chameides L, Samson RA, Schexnayder S, Hazinski MF, editors. Pediatric Advanced Life Support Provider Manual. Dallas (TX): American Heart Association; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Davis AL, Carcillo JA, Aneja RK, et al. American College of Critical Care Medicine clinical practice parameters for hemodynamic support of pediatric and neonatal septic shock. Crit Care Med. 2017;45:1061–1093. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blogg CE, Ramsay MA, Jarvis JD. Infection hazard from syringes. Br J Anaesth. 1974;46:260–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivier LC, Kendoff D, Wolfhard U, Nast-Kolb D, Nazif Yazici M, Esche H. Modified syringe design prevents plunger-related contamination–results of contamination and flow-rate tests. J Hosp Infect. 2003;53:140–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loftus RW, Brown JR, Koff MD, et al. Multiple reservoirs contribute to intraoperative bacterial transmission. Anesth Analg. 2012;114:1236–1248. doi:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31824970a2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spangler H, Lane A, Piehl M, Robertson G. Improving septic technique during the treatment of pediatric septic shock: a comparison of two rapid fluid delivery methods. J Infus Nurs. 2018;42(1):23–28. doi:10.1097/NAN.0000000000000307
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson G, Lane A, Piehl M, Whitefill T, Spangler H. Comparison of a novel rapid fluid delivery device to traditional methods. Available from: https://410medical.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Infusion-Rate-Comparison-of-LifeFlow-to-Traditional-Methods.pdf. Accessed February 14, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kline M, Crispino L, Bhatnagar A, Panchal RA, Auerbach M. A randomized single-blinded simulation-based trial of a novel method for fluid administration to a septic infant. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2018. doi:10.1097/PEC.0000000000001583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piehl M, Spangler H, Robertson G, Chenet K. A novel technique for improving fluid resuscitation in septic shock. Ann Emerg Med. 2017;70:S150. doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2017.07.353
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jong A, Rolle A, Molinari N, et al. Cardiac arrest and mortality related to intubation procedure in critically Ill adult patients: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Med. 2018;46:532–539. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inwald DP, Tasker RC, Peters MJ, Nadel S; Paediatric Intensive Care Society Study G. Emergency management of children with severe sepsis in the United Kingdom: the results of the Paediatric Intensive Care Society sepsis audit. Arch Dis Child. 2009;94:348–353. doi:10.1136/adc.2008.153064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auerbach M, Whitfill T, Gawel M, et al. Differences in the quality of pediatric resuscitative care across a spectrum of emergency departments. JAMA Pediatr. 2016;170:987–994. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2016.1550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kessler DO, Walsh B, Whitfill T, et al; investigators II. Disparities in adherence to pediatric sepsis guidelines across a spectrum of emergency departments: a multicenter, cross-sectional observational in situ simulation study. J Emerg Med. 2016;50:403–415, e401–e403. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson GC, Macias CG. Recognition and management of sepsis in children: practice patterns in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2015;49:391–399. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2015.03.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paul R, Melendez E, Stack A, Capraro A, Monuteaux M, Neuman MI. Improving adherence to PALS septic shock guidelines. Pediatrics. 2014;133:e1358–e1366. doi:10.1542/peds.2013-3871
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole ET, Harvey G, Urbanski S, Foster G, Thabane L, Parker MJ. Rapid paediatric fluid resuscitation: a randomised controlled trial comparing the efficiency of two provider-endorsed manual paediatric fluid resuscitation techniques in a simulated setting. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e005028. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toshniwal G, Ahmed Z, Sengstock D. Simulated fluid resuscitation for toddlers and young children: effect of syringe size and hand fatigue. Paediatr Anaesth. 2015;25:288–293. doi:10.1111/pan.12573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maitland K, Kiguli S, Opoka RO, et al; Group FT. Mortality after fluid bolus in African children with severe infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:2483–2495. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1101549
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sankar J, Ismail J, Sankar MJ, Suresh CP, Meena RS. Fluid bolus over 15–20 versus 5–10 minutes each in the first hour of resuscitation in children with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2017;18:e435–e445. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000001269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelbart B, Glassford NJ, Bellomo R. Fluid bolus therapy-based resuscitation for severe sepsis in hospitalized children: a systematic review. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2015;16:e297–e307. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000000507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marik PE, Malbrain M. The SEP- 1quality mandate may be harmful: how to drown a patient with 30 mL per kg fluid! Anaesthesiol Intensive Ther. 2017;49:323–328. doi:10.5603/AIT.a2017.0056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell MJ, Kanthimathinathan HK. Is there an optimum duration of fluid bolus in pediatric septic shock? a critical appraisal of “Fluid Bolus over 15–20 versus 5–10 mins each in the first hour of resuscitation in children with septic shock: a randomized controlled trial” by Sankar et al (Pediatr Crit Care Med 2017; 18: e435–e445). Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2018;19:369–371. doi:10.1097/PCC.0000000000001459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Hara CB, Canter RR, Mouncey PR, et al. A qualitative feasibility study to inform a randomised controlled trial of fluid bolus therapy in septic shock. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103:28–32. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2016-312515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker MJ, Thabane L, Fox-Robichaud A, Liaw P, Choong K; Canadian Critical Care Trials G, the Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology G. A trial to determine whether septic shock-reversal is quicker in pediatric patients randomized to an early goal-directed fluid-sparing strategy versus usual care (SQUEEZE): study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17:556. doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1689-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar