Spotlight on Digital Eye Strain

References

• Grant AH. The computer user syndrome. J Am Optom Assoc. 1987;58:892–901.
   Google Scholar
• Blehm C, Vishnu S, Khattak A, Mitra S, Yee RW. Computer vision syndrome: a review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2005;50:253–262. doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2005.02.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheppard AL, Wolffsohn JS. Digital eye strain: prevalence, measurement and amelioration. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2018;3:e000146. doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2018-000146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Academy of Ophthalmology. Computer vision syndrome (digital eye strain). EyeWiki. Available from: https://eyewiki.aao.org/Computer_Vision_Syndrome_(Digital_Eye_Strain). Accessed November 19, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• American Optometric Association. Computer vision syndrome. Healthy eyes. Available from: https://www.aoa.org/healthy-eyes/eye-and-vision-conditions/computer-vision-syndrome?sso=y. Accessed November 06, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of Optometrists. Computer vision syndrome (digital eye strain). Eye Health Library. Available from: https://opto.ca/eye-health-library/computer-vision-syndrome-digital-eye-strain. Accessed November 06, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• College of Optometrists UK. Examining patients who work with display screen equipment or computers. Clinical Guidance. Available from: https://www.college-optometrists.org/clinical-guidance/guidance/knowledge,-skills-and-performance/examining-patients-who-work-with-display-screen-eq. Accessed November 06, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Ganne P, Najeeb S, Chaitanya G, Sharma A, Krishnappa NC. Digital eye strain epidemic amid COVID-19 pandemic – a cross-sectional survey. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2021;28:285–292. doi:10.1080/09286586.2020.1862243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan A, Sen P, Shah C, Jain E, Jain S. Prevalence and risk factor assessment of digital eye strain among children using online e-learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital eye strain among kids (DESK study-1). Indian J Ophthalmol. 2021;69:140–144. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_2535_20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore PA, Wolffsohn JS, Sheppard AL. Attitudes of optometrists in the UK and Ireland to digital eye strain and approaches to assessment and management. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2021;41:1165–1175. doi:10.1111/opo.12887
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr CM, Tappin DM. Do poor nutrition and display screens affect visual acuity in children? Br J Community Nurs. 2002;7:80–89. doi:10.12968/bjcn.2002.7.2.9206
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gillespie RM. The physical impact of computers and electronic game use on children and adolescents, a review of current literature. Work. 2002;18:249–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barar A, Apatachioaie ID, Apatachioaie C, Marceanu-Brasov L. [Ophthalmologist and “computer vision syndrome”]Oftalmolog și “computer vision syndrome”. Oftalmologia. 2007;51:104–109. Romanian.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loh K, Redd S. Understanding and preventing computer vision syndrome. Malays Fam Physician. 2008;3:128–130.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pimenidi MK, Polunin GS, Safonova TN. [Meibomian gland disfunction in computer vision syndrome]Мейбомиан гланд дисфунцтион ин цомпутер висион синдроме. Vestnik oftalmologii. 2010;126:49–52. Russian.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfield M. Computer vision syndrome: a review of ocular causes and potential treatments. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011;31:502–515. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00834.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straker L, Abbott R, Collins R, Campbell A. Evidence-based guidelines for wise use of electronic games by children. Ergonomics. 2014;57:471–489. doi:10.1080/00140139.2014.895856
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tauste Francés A, Ronda-Pérez E, Seguí Crespo Mdel M. [Ocular and visual alterations in computer workers contact lens wearers: scoping review]Alteraciones oculares y visuales en personas que trabajan con ordenador y son usuarias de lentes de contacto: una revisión bibliográfica. Rev Esp Salud Publica. 2014;88:203–215. Spanish. doi:10.4321/S1135-57272014000200004
   Google Scholar
• Sue D, Ray P, Talaei-Khoei A, Jonnagaddala J, Vichitvanichphong S. Assessing video games to improve driving skills: a literature review and observational study. JMIR Serious Games. 2014;2:e5. doi:10.2196/games.3274
   Google Scholar
• Klamm J, Tarnow KG. Computer vision syndrome: a review of literature. Med Surg Nurs. 2015;24:89–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gowrisankaran S, Sheedy JE. Computer vision syndrome: a review. Work. 2015;52:303–314. doi:10.3233/WOR-152162
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parihar JK, Jain VK, Chaturvedi P, Kaushik J, Jain G, Parihar AK. Computer and visual display terminals (VDT) vision syndrome (CVDTS). Med J Armed Forces India. 2016;72:270–276. doi:10.1016/j.mjafi.2016.03.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Munshi S, Varghese A, Dhar-Munshi S. Computer vision syndrome-a common cause of unexplained visual symptoms in the modern era. Int J Clin Pract. 2017;71:e12962.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randolph SA. Computer vision syndrome. Workplace Health Saf. 2017;65:328. doi:10.1177/2165079917712727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coles-Brennan C, Sulley A, Young G. Management of digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom. 2019;102:18–29. doi:10.1111/cxo.12798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed SF, McDermott KC, Burge WK, et al. Visual function, digital behavior and the vision performance index. Clin Ophthalmol. 2018;12:2553–2561. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S187131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaiswal S, Asper L, Long J, Lee A, Harrison K, Golebiowski B. Ocular and visual discomfort associated with smartphones, tablets and computers: what we do and do not know. Clin Exp Optom. 2019;102:463–477. doi:10.1111/cxo.12851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla A, Lim TC, Shikhare SN, Munk PL, Peh WCG. Computer vision syndrome: darkness under the shadow of light. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2019;70:5–9. doi:10.1016/j.carj.2018.10.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylona I, Deres ES, Dere GS, Tsinopoulos I, Glynatsis M. The impact of internet and videogaming addiction on adolescent vision: a review of the literature. Front Public Health. 2020;8:63. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talens-Estarelles C, García-Marqués JV, Cervino A, García-Lázaro S. Use of digital displays and ocular surface alterations: a review. Ocul Surf. 2021;19:252–265. doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jahn SW, Plass M, Moinfar F. Digital pathology: advantages, limitations and emerging perspectives. J Clin Med. 2020;9(11):3697. doi:10.3390/jcm9113697
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emara AK, Ng MK, Cruickshank JA, et al. Gamer’s health guide: optimizing performance, recognizing hazards, and promoting wellness in esports. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2020;19:537–545. doi:10.1249/JSR.0000000000000787
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donthineni PR, Shanbhag SS, Basu S. An evidence-based strategic approach to prevention and treatment of dry eye disease, a modern global epidemic. Healthcare. 2021;9:89. doi:10.3390/healthcare9010089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londoño-Candonaza FE, Fiori-Chincaro GA, Agudelo-Botero AM, Llaguno-Rubio J, Arriola-Guillén LE. Occupational health in oral radiologists: a review. Dent Med Probl. 2021;58:405–410. doi:10.17219/dmp/134789
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamøy B, Magno M, Nøland ST, et al. Video display terminal use and dry eye: preventive measures and future perspectives. Acta Ophthalmol. 2022;100:723–739. doi:10.1111/aos.15105
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szot M, Karpęcka-Gałka E, Dróżdż R, Frączek B. Can nutrients and dietary supplements potentially improve cognitive performance also in esports? Healthcare. 2022;10(2):186. doi:10.3390/healthcare10020186
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adane F, Alamneh YM, Desta M. Computer vision syndrome and predictors among computer users in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Trop Med Health. 2022;50(1):26. doi:10.1186/s41182-022-00418-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Priya DB, Subramaniyam M. Fatigue due to smartphone use? Investigating research trends and methods for analysing fatigue caused by extensive smartphone usage: a review. Work. 2022;72:637–650. doi:10.3233/WOR-205351
   Google Scholar
• Singh S, McGuinness MB, Anderson AJ, Downie LE. Interventions for the management of computer vision syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2022;129:1192–1215. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2022.05.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaur K, Gurnani B, Nayak S, et al. Digital eye strain- a comprehensive review. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11:1655–1680. doi:10.1007/s40123-022-00540-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahshan D, Rosdahl JA. Digital eye strain during the virtual interviews: evidence-based strategies for medical students. Digit J Ophthalmol. 2022;28:22–25. doi:10.5693/djo.01.2022.05.003
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharya S, Heidler P, Saleem SM, Marzo RR. Let there be light-Digital Eye Strain (DES) in children as a shadow pandemic in the era of COVID-19: a mini review. Front Public Health. 2022;10:945082. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.945082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lem DW, Gierhart DL, Davey PG. Can nutrition play a role in ameliorating digital eye strain? Nutrients. 2022;14(19):4005. doi:10.3390/nu14194005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mowatt L, Gordon C, Santosh ABR, Jones T. Computer vision syndrome and ergonomic practices among undergraduate university students. Int J Clin Pract. 2018;72(1):e13035. doi:10.1111/ijcp.13035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yammouni R, Evans BJW. Is reading rate in digital eyestrain influenced by binocular and accommodative anomalies? J Optom. 2021;14:229–239. doi:10.1016/j.optom.2020.08.006
   Google Scholar
• Yoon HJ, Moon HS, Sung MS, Park SW, Heo H. Effects of prolonged use of virtual reality smartphone-based head-mounted display on visual parameters: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2021;11:15382. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-94680-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang JW, Chun YS, Moon NJ. A comparison of accommodation and ocular discomfort change according to display size of smart devices. BMC Ophthalmol. 2021;21:1–9. doi:10.1186/s12886-020-01789-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan A, Sen P, Mujumdar D, Shah C, Jain E. Series of cases of acute acquired comitant esotropia in children associated with excessive online classes on smartphone during COVID-19 pandemic; digital eye strain among kids (DESK) study-3. Strabismus. 2021;29:163–167. doi:10.1080/09273972.2021.1948072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan A, Sen P, Shah C, Datt K, Jain E. Binocular accommodation and vergence dysfunction in children attending online classes during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital Eye Strain in Kids (DESK) study-2. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2021;58:224–231. doi:10.3928/01913913-20210217-02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuriakose T. Examination of ocular motility and squint. In: Clinical Insights and Examination Techniques in Ophthalmology. Springer; 2020:85–106.
   Google Scholar
• Aletaha M, Daneshvar F, Mosallaei M, Bagheri A, Khalili MR. Comparison of three vision therapy approaches for convergence insufficiency. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2018;13:307. doi:10.4103/jovr.jovr_99_17
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Cello L, Pellegrini M, Vagge A, et al. Advances in the noninvasive diagnosis of dry eye disease. Applied Sciences. 2021;11:10384. doi:10.3390/app112110384
   Google Scholar
• Alabdulkader B. Effect of digital device use during COVID-19 on digital eye strain. Clin Exp Optom. 2021;104:698–704. doi:10.1080/08164622.2021.1878843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajabi-Vardanjani H, Habibi E, Pourabdian S, Dehghan H, Maracy MR. Designing and validation a visual fatigue questionnaire for video display terminals operators. Int J Prev Med. 2014;5:841–848.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Del Mar Seguí M, Cabrero-García J, Crespo A, Verdú J, Ronda E. A reliable and valid questionnaire was developed to measure computer vision syndrome at the workplace. J Clin Epidemiol. 2015;68:662–673. doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2015.01.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Pérez M, Susi R, Antona B, Barrio A, González E. The Computer-Vision Symptom Scale (CVSS17): development and initial validation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:4504–4511. doi:10.1167/iovs.13-13818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mylona I, Glynatsis MN, Dermenoudi M, Glynatsis NM, Floros GD. Validation of the digital eye strain questionnaire and pilot application to online gaming addicts. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2022;32:2695–2701. doi:10.1177/11206721211073262
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaadane I, Boulenguez P, Chahory S, et al. Retinal damage induced by commercial light emitting diodes (LEDs). Free Radic Biol Med. 2015;84:373–384. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.03.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palavets T, Rosenfield M. Blue-blocking filters and digital eyestrain. Optom Vis Sci. 2019;96:48–54. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000001318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Downie LE, Anderson AJ. Do blue-blocking lenses reduce eye strain from extended screen time? A double-masked randomized controlled trial. Am J Ophthalmol. 2021;226:243–251. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2021.02.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar