Comprehensive Primary Eye Care: A Comparison Between an In-Person Eye Exam and a Tele-Eye Care Exam

References

• American Academy of Ophthalmology. Definition of primary eye care; 2014. Available from: https://www.aao.org/education/clinical-statement/definition-of-primary-eye-care--policy-statement#:~:text=Primary%20eye%20care%20is%20the,a%20lifetime%20of%20continuing%20care. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Blindness and vision impairment; 2022. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairment. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. World Report on Vision. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The international agency for the prevention of blindness. Causes of Vision Loss; 2023. Available from: https://www.iapb.org/learn/vision-atlas/causes-of-vision-loss/. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• van Staden D. The universal eye health imperative for Canada: an inescapable reality of unmet need. Can J Public Health. 2020;111(4):627–630. doi:10.17269/s41997-020-00307-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global Observatory for eHealth. Telemedicine: Opportunities and Developments in Member States: Report on the Second Global Survey on eHealth. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Kapoor R, Yuksel-Elgin C, Patel V, et al. Detecting common eye diseases using the first teleophthalmology GlobeChek Kiosk in the United States: a pilot study. Asia-Pac J Ophthalmol. 2020;9(4):315–325. doi:10.1097/APO.0000000000000295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvin G, Joseph A. Chapter 2 - Comprehensive Eye Telehealth. In: Maa A, editor. Ocular Telehealth. Elsevier; 2023:7–15.
   Google Scholar
• Yogesan K, Goldschmidt L, Cuadros J, Ricur G. Digital Eye Care and Teleophthalmology. Springer Cham; 2023.
   Google Scholar
• American Optometric Association. Position statement regarding telemedicine in optometry; 2020. Available from: https://www.aoa.org/AOA/Documents/Advocacy/position%20statements/AOA_Policy_Telehealth.pdf. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Tan IJ, Dobson LP, Bartnik S, Muir J, Turner AW. Real-time teleophthalmology versus face-to-face consultation: a systematic review. J Telemed Telecare. 2016;23(7):629–638. doi:10.1177/1357633X16660640
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong JC, Tan C-HN, Chen DZ. Teleophthalmology and its evolving role in a COVID-19 pandemic: a scoping. Ann Acad Med Singap. 2021;50(1):61–76. doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2020459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• New Zealand Association of Optometrists. Practical Guidance for COVID-19 Level Three. New Zealand: New Zealand Association of Optometrists; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Hayhurst C. A turning point for telehealth: COVID-19 spurs rapid uptake of connected care. Biomed Instrum Technol. 2020;54(4):242–250. doi:10.2345/0899-8205-54.4.242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blais N, Tousignant B, Hanssens J-M. Tele-refraction in tele-eye care settings. Clin Exp Optometry. 2022;2022:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• American Optometric Association. Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guideline. In: Comprehensive Adult Eye and Vision Examination. St. Louis, MO; 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Blais N, Le Borgne M, Hanssens JM. Tele-refraction: comparison of a remotely performed refraction with a Gold Standard in-person refraction. Boston: American Academy of Optometry; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Curtis R, Hazari H, Eden K, Hopman WM, Irrcher I, Bona MD. Validation of a portable, remotely delivered refraction approach compared to standard in-clinic refraction in a low-vision population. J Telemed Tel. 2020;1(1):1357633X20960628.
   Google Scholar
• Randhawa H, Morettin C, McLeod H, et al. The validity of spectacle prescriptions via tele-optometric comprehensive eye examinations; a pilot study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2020;61(7):1604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lutz de Araujo A, Moreira T, Varvaki Rados DR, et al. The use of telemedicine to support Brazilian primary care physicians in managing eye conditions: the TeleOftalmo Project. PLoS One. 2020;15(4):e0231034. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randhawa HK, McLeod HM, Kattouf VM, Pang Y, Sanghera N, Performance V. Binocular vision and accommodative testing in the teleoptometric comprehensive eye examination in a student population. Optometry Visual Perform. 2023;11:1.
   Google Scholar
• Chandrasekaran S, Kass W, Thangamathesvaran L, et al. Tele-glaucoma vs clinical evaluation: the new jersey health foundation prospective clinical study. J Telemed Telecare. 2019;2019:1.
   Google Scholar
• Maa AY, Evans C, DeLaune WR, Patel PS, Lynch MG. A novel tele-eye protocol for ocular disease detection and access to eye care services. Telemed J e-Health. 2014;20(4):318–323. doi:10.1089/tmj.2013.0185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maa AY, Wojciechowski B, Hunt KJ, et al. Early experience with technology-based eye care services (TECS): a novel ophthalmologic telemedicine initiative. Ophthalmology. 2017;124(4):539–546. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.11.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fédération des autorités réglementaires optométriques du Canada [Federation of Optometric Regulatory Authorities of Canada]. FORAC-FAROC Policy on Teleoptometry. [En ligne]; 2020. Available from: https://www.forac-faroc.ca/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/FORAC-FAROC-POLICY-ON-TELEOPTOMETRY-JULY-2019-A.pdf. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Association of Optometrists. Position statement: the use of teleoptometry in post-COVID practice; 2021. Available from: https://opto.ca/document/use-teleoptometry-post-covid-practice. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Association québécoise des parents d’enfants handicapés visuels. Définitions et normes légales [Definitions and Legal Standards]. ; 2023. Available from: https://www.aqpehv.qc.ca/deficience-visuelle. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Ordre des optométristes du Québec. Lignes directrices - Guide d’exercice clinique [Guidelines - Clinical Practice Guide]; 2023. Available from: https://www.ooq.org/sites/default/files/2023-04/Guide%20exercice%20clinique_20230220.pdf. Accessed December 26, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson NB, Daniel K. Clinical Procedures for Ocular Examination. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Alderson AJ, Green A, Whitaker D, Scally AJ, Elliott D. A comparison of spectacles purchased online and in UK optometry practice. Optometry Vision Sci. 2016;93(10):1196. doi:10.1097/OPX.0000000000000955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pesudovs K, Garamendi E, Elliott D. The quality of life impact of refractive correction (QIRC) questionnaire. Invest Ophthalmol Visual Sci. 2003;44(13):163.
   Google Scholar
• Tousignant B, Garceau M-C, Bouffard-Saint-Pierre N, Bellemare -M-M, Hanssens J-M. Comparing the Netra smartphone refractor to subjective refraction. Clin Exp Optometry. 2020;103(4):501–506. doi:10.1111/cxo.13003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Macintosh, Version 28.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• McAlinden C, Khadka J, Pesudovs K. Statistical methods for conducting agreement (comparison of clinical tests) and precision (repeatability or reproducibility) studies in optometry and ophthalmology. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011;31(4):330–338. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2011.00851.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang HG, Ying GS. Statistical approaches in published ophthalmic clinical science papers: a comparison to statistical practice two decades ago. Br J Ophthalmol. 2018;102(9):1188–1191. doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311529
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller JM. Clinical applications of power vectors. Optom Vis Sci. 2009;86(6):599–602. doi:10.1097/OPX.0b013e3181a6a211
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo TK, Li MY. A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155–163. doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes J. krippendorffsalpha: an R package for measuring agreement using Krippendorff’s alpha coefficient. R J. 2021;13:413–425. doi:10.32614/RJ-2021-046
   Google Scholar
• Landis JR, Koch G. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159–174. doi:10.2307/2529310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leinonen J, Laakkonen E, Laatikainen L. Repeatability (test‐retest variability) of refractive error measurement in clinical settings. Acta Ophthalmol Scandin. 2006;84(4):532–536. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0420.2006.00695.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacKenzie GE. Reproducibility of sphero-cylindrical prescriptions. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2008;28(2):143–150. doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00549.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathebula SD, Rubin A. Interexaminer reproducibility for subjective refractions for an ametropic participant. BMJ Open Ophthalmol. 2022;7(1):e000954. doi:10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisse RPL, Muijzer MB, Cassano F, Godefrooij DA, Prevoo Y, Soeters N. Validation of an independent web-based tool for measuring visual acuity and refractive error (the manifest versus online refractive evaluation trial): prospective open-label noninferiority clinical trial. J Med Internet Res. 2019;21(11):e14808. doi:10.2196/14808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmamula S, Khanna RC, Mettla AL, et al. Agreement and diagnostic accuracy of vision screening in children by teachers, community eye‐health workers and vision technicians. Clin Exp Optometry. 2018;101(4):553–559. doi:10.1111/cxo.12559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paudel P, Cronjé S, O’Connor PM, Rao GN, Holden BA. Clinical competency of 1-year trained vision technicians in andhra pradesh, India. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2015;22(6):409–416. doi:10.3109/09286586.2015.1082605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen LM, Rosenberg MA, Tanna AP, Volpe N. A novel computerized portable pupillometer detects and quantifies relative afferent pupillary defects. Curr Eye Res. 2015;40(11):1120–1127. doi:10.3109/02713683.2014.980007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar