M2-Type Macrophages and Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts Combine to Promote Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

References

• Cervantes A, Adam R, Roselló S, et al. Metastatic colorectal cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2023;34(1):10–32. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeltz C, Primac I, Erusappan P, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in desmoplastic tumors: emerging role of integrins. Seminars in Cancer Biology. 2020;62:166–181. doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.08.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer S, Milo T, Isaacson A, et al. The tumor microenvironment shows a hierarchy of cell-cell interactions dominated by fibroblasts. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):5810. doi:10.1038/s41467-023-41518-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tlsty TD, Hein PW. Know thy neighbor: stromal cells can contribute oncogenic signals. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2001;11(1):54–59. doi:10.1016/s0959-437x(00)00156-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissell MJ, Radisky D. Putting tumours in context. Nat Rev Cancer. 2001;1(1):46–54. doi:10.1038/35094059
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Fan X, Houghton J. Tumor microenvironment: the role of the tumor stroma in cancer. J Cell Biochem. 2007;101(4):805–815. doi:10.1002/jcb.21159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui YL, Li HK, Zhou HY, et al. Correlations of tumor-associated macrophage subtypes with liver metastases of colorectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(2):1003–1007. doi:10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.2.1003
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Domínguez-Soto A, Sierra-Filardi E, Puig-Kröger A, et al. Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin expression on M2-polarized and tumor-associated macrophages is macrophage-CSF dependent and enhanced by tumor-derived IL-6 and IL-10. J Immunol. 2011;186(4):2192–2200. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1000475
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joyce JA, Pollard JW. Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis. Nat Rev Cancer. 2009;9(4):239–252. doi:10.1038/nrc2618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantovani A, Allavena P, Sica A, et al. Cancer-related inflammation. Nature. 2008;454(7203):436–444. doi:10.1038/nature07205
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa A, Kieffer Y, Scholer-Dahirel A, et al. Fibroblast heterogeneity and immunosuppressive environment in human breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2018;33(3):463–479.e410. doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xouri G, Christian S. Origin and function of tumor stroma fibroblasts. Semin Cell Dev Biol. 2010;21(1):40–46. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2009.11.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Räsänen K, Vaheri A. Activation of fibroblasts in cancer stroma. Exp Cell Res. 2010;316(17):2713–2722. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.04.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang YA, Chen YF, Bao Y, et al. Hypoxic tumor microenvironment activates GLI2 via HIF-1α and TGF-β2 to promote chemoresistance in colorectal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018;115(26):E5990–e5999. doi:10.1073/pnas.1801348115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalluri R. The biology and function of fibroblasts in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(9):582–598. doi:10.1038/nrc.2016.73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orimo A, Weinberg RA. Stromal fibroblasts in cancer: a novel tumor-promoting cell type. Cell Cycle. 2006;5(15):1597–1601. doi:10.4161/cc.5.15.3112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia Garcia CJ, Huang Y, Fuentes NR, et al. Stromal HIF2 regulates immune suppression in the pancreatic cancer microenvironment. Gastroenterology. 2022;162(7):2018–2031. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2022.02.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin SC, Liao YC, Chen PM, et al. Periostin promotes ovarian cancer metastasis by enhancing M2 macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts via integrin-mediated NF-κB and TGF-β2 signaling. J Biomed Sci. 2022;29(1):109. doi:10.1186/s12929-022-00888-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrera M, Herrera A, Domínguez G, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast and M2 macrophage markers together predict outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Sci. 2013;104(4):437–444. doi:10.1111/cas.12096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multhaupt HA, Leitinger B, Gullberg D, et al. Extracellular matrix component signaling in cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2016;97:28–40. doi:10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mak TK, Li X, Huang H, et al. The cancer-associated fibroblast-related signature predicts prognosis and indicates immune microenvironment infiltration in gastric cancer. Front Immunol. 2022;13:951214. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.951214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang R, Zong J, Peng Y, et al. GPR30 knockdown weakens the capacity of CAF in promoting prostate cancer cell invasion via reducing macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization. J Cell Biochem. 2021;122:1173–1191. doi:10.1002/jcb.29938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erreni M, Mantovani A, Allavena P. Tumor-associated Macrophages (TAM) and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Microenviron. 2011;4(2):141–154. doi:10.1007/s12307-010-0052-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oishi S, Takano R, Tamura S, et al. M2 polarization of murine peritoneal macrophages induces regulatory cytokine production and suppresses T-cell proliferation. Immunology. 2016;149(3):320–328. doi:10.1111/imm.12647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Z, Kuang W, Zhou Q, et al. TGF-β1 secreted by M2 phenotype macrophages enhances the stemness and migration of glioma cells via the SMAD2/3 signalling pathway. Int J Mol Med. 2018;42(6):3395–3403. doi:10.3892/ijmm.2018.3923
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Wang X, Si M, et al. Exosome-encapsulated miRNAs contribute to CXCL12/CXCR4-induced liver metastasis of colorectal cancer by enhancing M2 polarization of macrophages. Cancer Lett. 2020;474:36–52. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tu W, Gong J, Zhou Z, et al. TCF4 enhances hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer by regulating tumor-associated macrophage via CCL2/CCR2 signaling. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(10):882. doi:10.1038/s41419-021-04166-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao S, Mi Y, Guan B, et al. Tumor-derived exosomal miR-934 induces macrophage M2 polarization to promote liver metastasis of colorectal cancer. J Hematol Oncol. 2020;13(1):156. doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00991-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Zhang S, Wang Q, et al. Tumor-recruited M2 macrophages promote gastric and breast cancer metastasis via M2 macrophage-secreted CHI3L1 protein. J Hematol Oncol. 2017;10(1):36. doi:10.1186/s13045-017-0408-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Arabey AA, Alkhalil SS, Al-Shouli ST, et al. Revisiting macrophages in ovarian cancer microenvironment: development, function and interaction. Med Oncol. 2023;40(5):142. doi:10.1007/s12032-023-01987-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang J, Yang C, et al. A study of the correlation between M2 macrophages and lymph node metastasis of colorectal carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol. 2021;19(1):91. doi:10.1186/s12957-021-02195-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma X, Gao Y, Chen Y, et al. M2-type macrophages induce tregs generation by activating the TGF-β/smad signalling pathway to promote colorectal cancer development. Onco Targets Ther. 2021;14:5391–5402. doi:10.2147/ott.S336548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao X, Xu J, Wang W, et al. Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: new findings and future perspectives. Mol Cancer. 2021;20(1):131. doi:10.1186/s12943-021-01428-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su S, Chen J, Yao H, et al. CD10(+)GPR77(+) cancer-associated fibroblasts promote cancer formation and chemoresistance by sustaining cancer stemness. Cell. 2018;172(4):841–856.e816. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kai F, Drain AP, Weaver VM. The extracellular matrix modulates the metastatic journey. Dev Cell. 2019;49(3):332–346. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2019.03.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng S, Chen D, Cai J, et al. Enhancing cancer-associated fibroblast fatty acid catabolism within a metabolically challenging tumor microenvironment drives colon cancer peritoneal metastasis. Mol Oncol. 2021;15(5):1391–1411. doi:10.1002/1878-0261.12917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Zhao J, Li J, et al. Cancer associated fibroblast-derived CCL5 promotes hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis through activating HIF1α/ZEB1 axis. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13(5):478. doi:10.1038/s41419-022-04935-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen S, Hou Y, Fu L, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF)-derived IL32 promotes breast cancer cell invasion and metastasis via integrin β3-p38 MAPK signalling. Cancer Lett. 2019;442:320–332. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2018.10.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu HJ, Hao M, Yeo SK, et al. FAK signaling in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes breast cancer cell migration and metastasis by exosomal miRNAs-mediated intercellular communication. Oncogene. 2020;39(12):2539–2549. doi:10.1038/s41388-020-1162-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue H, Li W, Chen R, et al. Stromal POSTN induced by TGF-β1 facilitates the migration and invasion of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 2021;160(2):530–538. doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.11.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MaruYama T, Chen W, Shibata H. TGF-β and Cancer Immunotherapy. Biol Pharm Bull. 2022;45(2):155–161. doi:10.1248/bpb.b21-00966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang F, Wang H, Wang X, et al. TGF-β induces M2-like macrophage polarization via SNAIL-mediated suppression of a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Oncotarget. 2016;7(32):52294–52306. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.10561
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peng D, Fu M, Wang M, et al. Targeting TGF-β signal transduction for fibrosis and cancer therapy. Mol Cancer. 2022;21(1):104. doi:10.1186/s12943-022-01569-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen S, Morine Y, Tokuda K, et al. Cancer‑associated fibroblast‑induced M2‑polarized macrophages promote hepatocellular carcinoma progression via the plasminogen activator inhibitor‑1 pathway. Int J Oncol. 2021;59(2). doi:10.3892/ijo.2021.5239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Kinoshita J, Yamaguchi T, et al. Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in peritoneal metastasis: inhibition in the migration of M2 macrophages and mast cells by Tranilast. Gastric Cancer. 2022;25(3):515–526. doi:10.1007/s10120-021-01275-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho H, Seo Y, Loke KM, et al. Cancer-stimulated cafs enhance monocyte differentiation and protumoral TAM activation via IL6 and GM-CSF secretion. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(21):5407–5421. doi:10.1158/1078-0432.Ccr-18-0125
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K. Extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness and degradation as cancer drivers. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120(3):2782–2790. doi:10.1002/jcb.27681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakemeyer L, Sander S, Wittau M, et al. Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of CEA and CA19-9 in Colorectal Cancer. Diseases. 2021;9(1):21. doi:10.3390/diseases9010021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campos-da-Paz M, Dórea JG, Galdino AS, et al. Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) and hepatic metastasis in colorectal cancer: update on biomarker for clinical and biotechnological approaches. Recent Pat Biotechnol. 2018;12(4):269–279. doi:10.2174/1872208312666180731104244
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stojkovic Lalosevic M, Stankovic S, Stojkovic M, et al. Can preoperative CEA and CA19-9 serum concentrations suggest metastatic disease in colorectal cancer patients? Hell J Nucl Med. 2017;20(1):41–45. doi:10.1967/s002449910505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y, Gao Y, Ma X, et al. A study on the correlation between M2 macrophages and regulatory T cells in the progression of colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Markers. 2022;37(4):412–420. doi:10.1177/03936155221132572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan HX, Gong WZ, Zhou K, et al. CXCR4/TGF-β1 mediated hepatic stellate cells differentiation into carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and promoted liver metastasis of colon cancer. Cancer Biol Ther. 2020;21(3):258–268. doi:10.1080/15384047.2019.1685157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Z, Kim SY, Tu W, et al. Extracellular vesicles in fatty liver promote a metastatic tumor microenvironment. Cell Metab. 2023;35(7):1209–1226.e1213. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2023.04.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar