1,312
Views
34
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Why Have Immunization Efforts in Pakistan Failed to Achieve Global Standards of Vaccination Uptake and Infectious Disease Control?

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon &
Pages 111-124 | Published online: 12 Feb 2020

References

  • Mangrio NK, Alam MM, Shaikh BT. Is expanded programme on immunization doing enough? Viewpoint of health workers and managers in Sindh, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008;58(2):64–67.18333522
  • Anand S, Barnighausen T. Health workers and vaccination coverage in developing countries: an econometric analysis. Lancet. 2007;369(9569):1277–1285. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60599-617434403
  • Unicef. GIVS: Global Immunization Vision and Strategy, 2006–2015. Givs; 2005.
  • Mansuri G, Rao V. Community-based and -driven development: a critical review. World Bank Res Obs. 2004;19:1–39. doi:10.1093/wbro/lkh012
  • The World Bank Group. World Bank Annual Report 2017; 2017. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1119-7
  • Mahmud G, Zaman F, Jafarey S, Khan RL, Sohail R, Fatima S. Achieving millennium development goals 4 and 5 in Pakistan. BJOG. 2011;118:69–77. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03114.x21951504
  • Mehnaz A. Infectious diseases in children-still leads. J Pak Med Assoc. 2009;59(7):425–426.19579725
  • Bhutta ZA, Hafeez A, Rizvi A, Ali N, Khan A, Ahmad F. Reproductive, maternal, newborn, and child health in Pakistan: challenges and opportunities. Lancet. 2013;381:2207–2218. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61999-023684261
  • Hussain H, Waters H, Omer SB, et al. The cost of treatment for child pneumonias and meningitis in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2006;21(3):229–238. doi:10.1002/hpm.84717044548
  • Owais A, Khowaja AR, Ali SA, Zaidi AKM. Pakistan’s expanded programme on immunization: an overview in the context of polio eradication and strategies for improving coverage. Vaccine. 2013;31(33):3313–3319. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.05.01523707167
  • Lim SS, Stein DB, Charrow A, Murray CJL. Tracking progress towards universal childhood immunisation and the impact of global initiatives: a systematic analysis of three-dose diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis immunisation coverage. Lancet. 2008;372(9655):2031–2046. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61869-319070738
  • Loevinsohn B, Hong R, Gauri V. Will more inputs improve the delivery of health services?: analysis of district vaccination coverage in Pakistan. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2006;21(1):45–54. doi:10.1002/hpm.82416604848
  • Owais A, Hanif B, Siddiqui AR, Agha A, Zaidi AKM. Does improving maternal knowledge of vaccines impact infant immunization rates? A community-based randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):239. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-23921496343
  • Keja K, Chan C, Hayden G, Henderson RH. Expanded programme on immunization. World Health Stat Q. 1988;41(2):59–63.3176515
  • WHO. Global Vaccine Action Plan 2011–2020; 2017.
  • Ali SZ. Health for all in Pakistan: achievements, strategies and challenges. East Mediterr Health J. 2000;6(4):832–837.11794092
  • Closser S. “We can’t give up now”: global health optimism and polio eradication in Pakistan. Med Anthropol. 2012;31(5):385–403. doi:10.1080/01459740.2011.64592722881380
  • Naz D, Zafar Siddiqui N, Bano A, et al. A cross sectional survey: attitude towards adult vaccination in Karachi-Pakistan. Int J Adv Res. 2015;3:03.
  • Buse K, Walt G. Global public-private partnerships: part I - a new development in health? Bull World Health Organ. 2000;78(4):549–561.10885184
  • Siddiqui R, Afridi U, Haq R. Determinants of expenditure on health in Pakistan. Pak Dev Rev. 1995;34(4III):959–970. doi:10.30541/v34i4iiipp.959-970
  • Lambo JA, Nagulesapillai T. Neonatal tetanus elimination in Pakistan: progress and challenges. Int J Infect Dis. 2012;16(12):e833–e842. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2012.07.01522940280
  • Husain S, Omer SB. Routine immunization services in Pakistan: seeing beyond the numbers. East Mediterr Heal J. 2016;22(3):201. doi:10.26719/2016.22.3.201
  • Kols A, Gorar Z, Sharjeel M, et al. Provincial differences in levels, trends, and determinants of child-hood immunization in Pakistan. EMHJ. 2018;24(4):333–344. doi:10.26719/2018.24.4.33329972227
  • Hasan Q, Bosan AH, Mohamud K. A review of EPI progress in pakistan towards achieving coverage targets: present situation and the way forward. EMHJ. 2010;Vol(16 Suppl):S31–S38. doi:10.26719/2010.16.Supp.31
  • Siddiqui FJ, Rabbani F, Hasan R, Nizami SQ, Bhutta ZA. Typhoid fever in children: some epidemiological considerations from Karachi, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis. 2006;10(3):215–222. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2005.03.01016431148
  • Rehman SU, Siddiqui AR, Ahmed J, et al. Coverage and predictors of routine immunization among 12–23 months old children in disaster affected communities in Pakistan. Int J Health Sci (Qassim). 2017;11(1):1–6.
  • Unicef. The state of the world’s children, 2007: women and children: the double dividend of gender equality. Choice Rev Online. 2007;45(02):45–1173. doi:10.5860/choice.45-1173
  • Zaidi AKM, Khan H, Lasi R, Mahesar W. Surveillance of pneumococcal meningitis among children in Sindh, Southern Pakistan. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(Supplement_2):S129–S135. doi:10.1086/59649119191608
  • Usman HR, Akhtar S, Habib F, Jehan I. Redesigned immunization card and center-based education to reduce childhood immunization dropouts in urban Pakistan: a randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2009;27(3):467–472. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.04818996423
  • Rasheed M, Akram U, Asif N, Ahmed K, Zafar S, Mumtaz S. Expanded Programme of Immunization (EPI) status among children of factory workers. JIMDC. 2014;(3):62–66. https://jimdc.org.pk/jimdc/Volumes/3-2/Expanded Programme of Immunization.pdf.
  • Chandir S, Siddiqi D, Dharma V, et al. Zindagi Mehfooz (Safe Life) Digital Immunization Registry: Leveraging Low-Cost Technology to Improve Immunization Coverage and Timeliness in Pakistan (Preprint). 2018. doi:10.2196/preprints.11770
  • Kazi AM. The role of mobile phone-based interventions to improve routine childhood immunisation coverage. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5(4):e377–e378. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30088-828288737
  • Afridi NK, Hatcher J, Mahmud S, Nanan D. Coverage and factors associated with tetanus toxoid vaccination status among females of reproductive age in Peshawar. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2005;15(7):391–395. doi:07.2005/JCPSP.39139516197865
  • Khowaja AR, Zaman U, Feroze A, Rizvi A, Zaidi AKM. Routine EPI coverage: subdistrict inequalities and reasons for immunization failure in a rural setting in Pakistan. Asia Pac J Public Health. 2015;27(2):NP1050–NP1059. doi:10.1177/101053951143085022186395
  • Naeem M, Adil M, Abbas SH, et al. Coverage and causes of missed oral polio vaccine in urban and rural areas of Peshawar. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2011;23(4):98–102.23472426
  • Shaikh BT. Private sector in health care delivery: a reality and a challenge in Pakistan. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2015;27(2):496–498.26411151
  • Hyder AA, Morrow RH. Applying burden of disease methods in developing countries: a case study from Pakistan. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(8):1235.10937003
  • Hasnain S, Sheikh NH. Causes of low tetanus toxoid vaccination coverage in pregnant women in Lahore district, Pakistan. East Mediterr Heal J. 2007;13:1142–1152. doi:10.26719/2007.13.5.1142
  • Owusu-Darko S, Diouf K, Nour NM. Elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus: a 21st-century challenge. Rev Obstet Gynecol. 2012;5(3–4):e151–e157.23483091
  • Haq Z, Iqbal Z, Rahman A. Job stress among community health workers: a multi-method study from Pakistan. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2008;2(1):15. doi:10.1186/1752-4458-2-1518954470
  • Dietz V, Cutts F. The use of mass campaigns in the expanded program on immunization: a review of reported advantages and disadvantages. Int J Heal Serv. 1997;27(4):767–790. doi:10.2190/QPCQ-FBF8-6ABX-2TB5
  • Nisar N, Mirza M, Hafeez Qadri M. Knowledge, attitude and practices of mothers regarding immunization of one year old child at Mawatch Goth, Kemari Town, Karachi. Pak J Med Sci. 2010;26:183–186.
  • Babalola S, Lawan U. Factors predicting BCG immunization status in northern Nigeria: a behavioral-ecological perspective. J Child Health Care. 2009;13(1):46–62. doi:10.1177/136749350809838019240190
  • Owino LO, Irimu G, Olenja J, Meme JS. Factors influencing immunisation coverage in Mathare Valley, Nairobi. East Afr Med J. 2009;86(7):323–329.20499781
  • Al-lela OQB, Bahari MB, Salih MRM, Al-Abbassi MG, Elkalmi RM, Jamshed SQ. Factors underlying inadequate parents’ awareness regarding pediatrics immunization: findings of cross-sectional study in Mosul- Iraq. BMC Pediatr. 2014;14:29. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-14-2924485194
  • Sheikh A, Iqbal B, Ehtamam A, et al. Reasons for non-vaccination in pediatric patients visiting tertiary care centers in a polio-prone country. Arch Public Health. 2013;71(1):19. doi:10.1186/0778-7367-71-1923848348
  • Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Kang C, Duan P. Status of mother’s KAP on child immunization in minority areas, Guizhou Province. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2007;39(2):136–139.17440586
  • Agha A, White F, Younus M, Kadir MM, Alir S, Fatmi Z. Eight key household practices of integrated management of childhood illnesses (IMCI) amongst mothers of children aged 6 to 59 months in Gambat, Sindh, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc. 2007;57(6):288–293.17629229
  • Mitchell S, Andersson N, Ansari NM, Omer K, Soberanis JL, Cockcroft A. Equity and vaccine uptake: a cross-sectional study of measles vaccination in Lasbela District, Pakistan. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2009;9(S1):S7. doi:10.1186/1472-698X-9-S1-S719828065
  • Taylor SAJ. Culture and behaviour in mass health interventions: lessons from the global polio eradication initiative. Crit Public Health. 2015;25(2):192–204. doi:10.1080/09581596.2014.895799
  • Jefferson TOM, Real or perceived adverse effects of vaccines and the media—a tale of our times. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2000;54(6):402 LP- 403. doi:10.1136/jech.54.6.40210818112
  • Khan MT, Zaheer S, Shafique K. Maternal education, empowerment, economic status and child polio vaccination uptake in Pakistan: a population based cross sectional study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(3):e013853. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013853
  • Shah M, Khan MK, Shakeel S, et al. Resistance of polio to its eradication in Pakistan. Virol J. 2011;8:457. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-8-45721962145
  • Kazi AN. Measles epidemic exposes inadequate vaccination coverage in Pakistan. BMJ. 2013;346:f245–f245. doi:10.1136/bmj.f24523319579
  • Kazi AM, Murtaza A, Khoja S, Zaidi AK, Ali SA. Monitoring polio supplementary immunization activities using an automated short text messaging system in Karachi, Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ. 2014;92(3):220–225. doi:10.2471/BLT.13.12256424700982
  • Mohammadi D. The final push for polio eradication? Lancet. 2017;380(9840):460–462. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61279-3
  • Fetene N. Determinant factors for implementing polio eradication activities under security compromised settings of Pakistan. J Trop Dis Public Health. 2013;2. doi:10.4172/2329-891X.1000127
  • Salim F. Culture, politics, and religion: exploring resistance to vaccinations in South Asia. Hum Welf. 2012;1(1):91–103.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Progress toward interruption of wild poliovirus transmission–worldwide, January 2011–March 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012;61(19):353–357.22592275
  • Hajaj C, Reitano T. Casualties of war: polio and the Golden Millimeter. Glob Heal Gov. 2016;10(2).
  • Alexander JPJ, Zubair M, Khan M, Abid N, Durry E. Progress and peril: poliomyelitis eradication efforts in Pakistan, 1994–2013. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(suppl 1):S152–S161. doi:10.1093/infdis/jiu45025316830
  • Ahmad SO, Yousuf F, Bux AS, Abu-Zaid A. Pakistan: the final frontier for global polio eradication. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2015;70(2):109–110. doi:10.1136/jech-2015-20553026233946