Thigh Circumference and Risk of All-Cause, Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Mortality: A Cohort Study

References

• Flegal KM, Kit BK, Orpana H, et al. Association of all-cause mortality with overweight and obesity using standard body mass index categories: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;309(1):71–82. doi:10.1001/jama.2012.11390523280227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo K, Wong M, Khalechelvam P, et al. Waist-to-height ratio, body mass index and waist circumference for screening paediatric cardio-metabolic risk factors: a meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2016;17(12):1258–1275. doi:10.1111/obr.1245627452904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashwell M, Gunn P, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio is a better screening tool than waist circumference and BMI for adult cardiometabolic risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2012;13:275–286. doi:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2011.00952.x22106927
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tatsukawa Y, Misumi M, Kim YM, et al. Body composition and development of diabetes: a 15-year follow-up study in a Japanese population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2018;72:374–380. doi:10.1038/s41430-017-0077-729362458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yano Y, Vongpatanasin W, Ayers C, et al. Regional fat distribution and blood pressure level and variability: the Dallas Heart Study. Hypertension. 2016;68:576–583. doi:10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.0787627432862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee M, Choh AC, Demerath EW, et al. Associations between trunk, leg and total body adiposity with arterial stiffness. Am J Hypertens. 2012;25(10):1131–1137. doi:10.1038/ajh.2012.9222785405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon HR, Han KA, Ahn HJ, et al. The correlations between extremity circumferences with total and regional amounts of skeletal muscle and muscle strength in obese women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab J. 2011;35(4):374–383. doi:10.4093/dmj.2011.35.4.37421977457
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourne RR. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392:1859–1922.30415748
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heitmann BL, Frederiksen P. Thigh circumference and risk of heart disease and premature death: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2009;339(sep03 2):b3292. doi:10.1136/bmj.b329219729416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Min J-Y, Cho J-S, Lee K-J, et al. Thigh circumference and low ankle brachial index in US adults: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004. Int J Cardiol. 2013;163(1):40–45. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.10.03923164588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung KJ, Kimm H, Yun JE, et al. Thigh circumference and diabetes: obesity as a potential effect modifier. J Epidemiol. 2013;23(5):329–336. doi:10.2188/jea.JE2012017423892710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snijder MB, Visser M, Dekker JM, et al. Low subcutaneous thigh fat is a risk factor for unfavourable glucose and lipid levels, independently of high abdominal fat. The Health ABC Study. Diabetologia. 2005;48(2):301–308. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1637-715660262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao PJ, Lin TY, Ting MK, et al. Chest width, waist circumference, and thigh circumference are predictors of dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;33:1019–1027. doi:10.1002/gps.488729726588
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince M, Acosta D, Ferri CP, et al. Dementia incidence and mortality in middle-income countries, and associations with indicators of cognitive reserve: a 10/66 Dementia Research Group population-based cohort study. Lancet. 2012;380:50–58.22626851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Carey RM. The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Clinical Practice Guideline for High Blood Pressure in Adults. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3:352–353. doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.000529466540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care for patients with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(Suppl Supplement 1):S33–S50. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.2007.S3312502618
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levey AS, Coresh J, Bolton K. et al. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:S1–S266.11904577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JS, Cho MH, Ahn CW, et al. The association of insulin resistance and carotid atherosclerosis with thigh and calf circumference in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012;11(1):62. doi:10.1186/1475-2840-11-6222682537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canoy D, Boekholdt SM, Wareham N, et al. Body fat distribution and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition in Norfolk cohort: a population-based prospective study. Circulation. 2007;116(25):2933–2943. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.67375618071080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchetti M, Olsen DB, Saltin B, et al. Heterogeneity in limb fatty acid kinetics in type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2005;48(5):938–945. doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1727-115830181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen DB, Sacchetti M, Dela F, et al. Glucose clearance is higher in arm than leg muscle in type 2 diabetes. J Physiol. 2005;565(2):555–562. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.08135615774531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marquis KDR, Debigaré R, Lacasse Y, LeBlanc P, Jobin J, Carrier G. Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area is a better predictor of mortality than body mass index in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(6):809–813. doi:10.1164/rccm.210703112231489
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobner J, Kaser S. Body mass index and the risk of infection - from underweight to obesity. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2018;24:24–28. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.01328232162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perera S, Eisen RB, Dennis BB, et al. Body mass index is an important predictor for suicide: results from a systematic review and meta-analysis. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 2016;46:697–736. doi:10.1111/sltb.1224427094229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Angelantonio E, Bhupathiraju SN, Wormser D, et al. Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant-data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. 388;2016:776–786. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-127423262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen GC, Arthur R, Iyengar NM, et al. Association between regional body fat and cardiovascular disease risk among postmenopausal women with normal body mass index. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:2849–2855. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehz39131256194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brotman DJGJ. Can glucocortiocoid homeostasis explane the antiatherogenic effect of peripheral adiposity? Circulation. 2003;108:e61. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000086784.14560.C312939250
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manolopoulos KN, Karpe F, Frayn KN. Gluteofemoral body fat as a determinant of metabolic health. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34:949–959. doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.28620065965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee DH, Keum N, Hu FB, et al. Predicted lean body mass, fat mass, and all cause and cause specific mortality in men: prospective US cohort study. BMJ. 2018;362:k2575. doi:10.1136/bmj.k257529970408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu KH, Shih CP, Liao PJ. Waist-to-thigh ratio is a predictor of internal organ cancers in humans: findings from a cohort study. Ann Epidemiol. 2013;23:342–348. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2013.04.00423683710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar