Strategies to Prevent Healthcare-Associated Infections: A Narrative Overview

References

• Raka L, Mulliqi-Osmani G. Infection control in developing world; 2012 Available from: https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8703/b74aa2341cd2278202607367301764387a86.pdf. Accessed 210, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US) Committee for the Study of the Future of Public Health. The future of public health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1988 3. A History of the Public Health System Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK218224/. Accessed 820, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lindahl JF, Grace D. The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2015;5:30048.26615822
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng Y, Wang J, Yang X. On the global stability of a generalized cholera epidemiological model. J Biol Dyn. 2012;6:1088–1104. doi:10.1080/17513758.2012.72863523110346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazin H. A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunizations. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;26(5–6):293–308. doi:10.1016/S0147-9571(03)00016-X12818618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith PW, Watkins K, Hewlett A. Infection control through the ages. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(1):35–42. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2011.02.01921783278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeill WH. Plagues and Peoples. Garden City [NY]: Anchor Press; 1976.
   Google Scholar
• US-Wikipedia om pesten. Available from: http://www.b-informatik.dk/pesten/US-Wikipedia_pesten.pdf. Accessed 28, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Benedictow OJ. The black death: the greatest catastrophe ever. Hist Today. 2005;55(3):42–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfani G, Murphy TE. Plague and lethal epidemics in the pre-industrial world. J Econ Hist. 2017;77(1):314–343. doi:10.1017/S0022050717000092
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfani G. Plague in seventeenth-century Europe and the decline of Italy: an epidemiological hypothesis. Eur Rev Econ Hist. 2013;17(4):408–430. doi:10.1093/ereh/het013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianucci R, Benedictow OJ, Fornaciari G, Giuffra V. Quinto Tiberio Angelerio and new measures for controlling plague in 16th-century Alghero, Sardinia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(9):1478–1483. doi:10.3201/eid1909.12031123968598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfried RS. The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe. London: Hale: The Free Press, A Division of Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020; 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Adedeji WA. The treasure called antibiotics. Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 2016;14(2):56‐57.
   Google Scholar
• Frieden TR. Six components necessary for effective public health program implementation. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(1):17–22. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.30160824228653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Assuring the Health of the Public in the 21st Century. The future of the public’s health in the 21st century. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2002 5, The Health Care Delivery System Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK221227/. Accessed 28, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Dieleman JL, Baral R, Birger M, et al. US spending on personal health care and public health, 1996–2013. JAMA. 2016;316(24):2627–2646. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1688528027366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, et al. Major infectious diseases: key messages from disease control priorities, third edition In: Holmes KK, Bertozzi S, Bloom BR, et al. editors. Major Infectious Diseases. 3rd Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; 2017:1.
   Google Scholar
• Dye C. After 2015: infectious diseases in a new era of health and development. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2014;369(1645):20130426. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.042624821913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller M, Barrett S, Henderson DA. Control and eradication editors, Jamison DT, Breman JG, Measham AR. Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries. 2nd Washington (DC): The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank; 2006: 62.
   Google Scholar
• Russell CD. Eradicating infectious disease: can we, and should we? Front Immunol. 2011;2:53. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2011.0005322566843
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nii-Trebi NI. Emerging and neglected infectious diseases: insights, advances, and challenges. Biomed Res Int. 2017;2017:5245021. doi:10.1155/2017/524502128286767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lederberg J. Summary and assessment In: Davis JR, Lederberg J, editors. Institute of Medicine (US) Forum on Emerging Infections. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US);2000.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn SC, Kumar S. Health inequalities and infectious disease epidemics: a challenge for global health security. Biosecur Bioterror. 2014;12(5):263–273. doi:10.1089/bsp.2014.003225254915
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Combating emerging infectious diseases in the South-East Asia region. SEA-CD-139. Distribution: general. Regional Office for South-East Asia New Delhi; 2005 Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/entity/emerging_diseases/documents/b0005.pdf. Accessed 210, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Managing epidemics: key facts about major deadly diseases. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018 License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO Available from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/managing-epidemics-interactive.pdf. Accessed 210, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li E, Xu RH. COVID-19: what has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci. 2020;16(10):1753–1766. doi:10.7150/ijbs.4513432226295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad T, Haroon DK, Dhama K, et al. Biosafety and biosecurity approaches to restrain/contain and counter SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid-review. Turk J Biol. 2020;44(3):132–145. doi:10.3906/biy-2005-6332595350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque M. The COVID-19 pandemic - a global public health crisis: a brief overview regarding pharmacological interventions. Pesqui Bras Odontopediatria Clín Integr. 2020;20(supp1):e0146. doi:10.1590/pboci.2020.137
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque M. Handwashing in averting infectious diseases: relevance to COVID-19. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2020;27(SPt 1):e37–e52.32757544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque M, Islam S, Iqbal S, et al. Availability and price changes of potential medicines and equipment for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 among pharmacy and drug stores in Bangladesh; findings and implications. Bang J Med Sci. 2020;19(S):S36–S50.
   Google Scholar
• Haque M. Combating COVID-19: a coordinated efforts of healthcare providers and policy makers with global participation are needed to achieve the desired goals. Bang J Med Sci. 2020;19(S):S01–S05.
   Google Scholar
• Habas K, Nganwuchu C, Shahzad F, et al. Resolution of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2020. doi:10.1080/14787210.2020.1797487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danasekaran R, Mani G, Annadurai K. Prevention of healthcare-associated infections: protecting patients, saving lives. Int J Commun Med Public Health. 2014;1(1):67–68. doi:10.5455/2394-6040.ijcmph20141114
   Google Scholar
• Khan HA, Baig FK, Mehboob R. Nosocomial infections: epidemiology, prevention, control, and surveillance. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2017;7(5):478. doi:10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque M, Sartelli M, McKimm J, Abu Bakar M. Healthcare-associated infections - an overview. Infect Drug Resist. 2018;11:2321–2333. doi:10.2147/IDR.S17724730532565
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, et al. Estimating healthcare-associated infections in US hospitals, 2002. Public Health Rep. 2007;122:160–166. doi:10.1177/00333549071220020517357358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidelines on core components of infection prevention and control programs at the national and acute health care facility level. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016 6. The burden of healthcare-associated infection Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK401766/. Accessed 210, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ripabelli G, Salzo A, Mariano A, Sammarco ML, Tamburro M; Collaborative Group for HAIs Point Prevalence Surveys in Molise Region. Healthcare-associated infections point prevalence survey and antimicrobials use in acute care hospitals (PPS 2016–2017) and long-term care facilities (HALT-3): a comprehensive report of the first experience in Molise Region, Central Italy, and targeted intervention strategies. J Infect Public Health. 2019;12(4):509–515.30745199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricchizzi E, Latour K, Kärki T, et al. Antimicrobial use in European long-term care facilities: results from the third point prevalence survey of healthcare-associated infections and antimicrobial use, 2016 to 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(46):1800394. doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.46.1800394
   Google Scholar
• Cassini A, Plachouras D, Eckmanns T, et al. Burden of six healthcare-associated infections on European population health: estimating incidence-based disability-adjusted life years through a population prevalence-based modelling study. PLoS Med. 2016;13(10):e1002150. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.100215027755545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haque M, McKimm J, Godman B, Abu Bakar M, Sartelli M. Initiatives to reduce postoperative surgical site infections of the head and neck cancer surgery with a special emphasis on developing countries. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. 2019;19(1):81–92. doi:10.1080/14737140.2019.154449730394844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. The burden of health care-associated infection worldwide. A summary. Patient safety. A world alliance for safer health care. Saves lives. Clean your hands; 2010 Available from: https://www.who.int/gpsc/country_work/summary_20100430_en.pdf. Accessed 210, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• World Alliance for Patient Safety. The global patient safety challenge, 2005–2006. Clean care is safer care. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, Geneva; 2005 Available from: https://www.who.int/patientsafety/events/05/GPSC_Launch_ENGLISH_FINAL.pdf. Accessed 210, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Esfandiari A, Salari H, Rashidian A, Masoumi Asl H, Rahimi Foroushani A, Akbari Sari A. Eliminating healthcare-associated infections in Iran: a qualitative study to explore stakeholders’ views. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2017;7(1):27–34. doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2017.34
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esfandiari A, Rashidian A, Masoumi Asl H, Rahimi Foroushani A, Salari H, Akbari Sari A. Prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections in Iran: a qualitative study to explore challenges and barriers. Am J Infect Control. 2016;44(10):1149–1153. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2016.03.04927307179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9761):228–241. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61458-421146207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin M, Zingg W, Hansen S, et al.; PROHIBIT study group. Public reporting of healthcare-associated infection data in Europe. What are the views of infection prevention opinion leaders? J Hosp Infect. 2013;83(2):94–98. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2012.10.01023273963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. An agency of the European Union. Antimicrobial resistance and healthcare-associated infections programme. Available from: https://ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-uswho-we-aredisease-programmes/antimicrobial-resistance-and-healthcare-associated-infections. Accessed 212, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Revelas A. Healthcare-associated infections: a public health problem. Niger Med J. 2012;53(2):59–64. doi:10.4103/0300-1652.10354323271847
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanerva M, Ollgren J, Hakanen AJ, Lyytikäinen O. Estimating the burden of healthcare-associated infections caused by selected multidrug-resistant bacteria Finland, 2010. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2012;1(1):33. doi:10.1186/2047-2994-1-3323083541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharm Ther. 2015;40(4):277–283.
   Google Scholar
• Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A. Antimicrobial resistance: a global, multifaceted phenomenon. Pathog Glob Health. 2015;109(7):309–318. doi:10.1179/2047773215Y.000000003026343252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. Not enough new antibiotics in the pipeline, UN report warns. Sustainable Development, GOALS; 2017 Available from: https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2017/09/not-enough-new-antibiotics-in-the-pipeline-un-report-warns/. Accessed 212, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Sukkar E Why are there so few antibiotics in the research and development pipeline? The pharmaceutical journal. A Royal Pharmaceutical Society Publication; 2013 Available from: https://www.pharmaceutical-journal.com/news-and-analysis/features/why-are-there-so-few-antibiotics-in-the-research-and-development-pipeline/11130209.article?firstPass=false. Accessed 212, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Paton J, Kresge N, GlaxoSmithKline. Big Pharma is leaving the field of antibiotic research in droves; 2018 Available from: https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/companies/2018-07-13-big-pharma-is-leaving-the-field-of-antibiotic-research-in-droves/. Accessed 212, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ripabelli G, Tamburro M, Guerrizio G, et al. Tracking multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae from an Italian hospital: molecular epidemiology and surveillance by PFGE, RAPD, and PCR-based resistance genes prevalence. Curr Microbiol. 2018;75(8):977–987. doi:10.1007/s00284-018-1475-329523910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Tella D, Tamburro M, Guerrizio G, Fanelli I, Sammarco ML, Ripabelli G. Molecular epidemiological insights into colistin-resistant and carbapenemases-producing clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:3783–3795. doi:10.2147/IDR.S22641631819559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 The burden of healthcare-associated infection Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144030/. Accessed 214, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• McLaws ML. The relationship between hand hygiene and healthcare-associated infection: it’s complicated. Infect Drug Resist. 2015;8:7–18.25678805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birgand G, Castro-Sánchez E, Hansen S, et al. Comparison of governance approaches for the control of antimicrobial resistance: analysis of three European countries. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:28. doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0321-529468055
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathur P. Prevention of healthcare-associated infections in low- and middle-income countries: the ‘bundle approach’. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2018;36(2):155–162. doi:10.4103/ijmm.IJMM_18_15230084404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal VD, Ramachandran B, Villamil-Gómez W, et al. Impact of a multidimensional infection control strategy on central line-associated bloodstream infection rates in pediatric intensive care units of five developing countries: findings of the International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC). Infection. 2012;40(4):415–423. doi:10.1007/s15010-012-0246-522371234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 4. Historical perspective on hand hygiene in health care Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144018/. Accessed 214, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Mathur P. Hand hygiene: back to the basics of infection control. Indian J Med Res. 2011;134(5):611–620. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.9098522199099
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Labarraque AG. Instructions and Observations Regarding the Use of the Chlorides of Soda and Lime. Porter J, Transed [French]. New Haven, CT: Baldwin and Treadway; 1829.
   Google Scholar
• Semmelweis I. Etiology, Concept, and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever. 1st Carter KC, Madison WI. The University of Wisconsin Press; 1983.
   Google Scholar
• Lane HJ, Blum N, Fee E. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1809–1894) and Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis (1818–1865): preventing the transmission of puerperal fever. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(6):1008–1009. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.18536320395569
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Guidelines on hand hygiene in health care: first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009 7, Transmission of pathogens by hands Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK144014/. Accessed 214, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lowy EJL, Lilly HA, Bull JP. Disinfection of hands: removal of transient organism. Br Med J. 1964;2(5403):230–233. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.5403.23014153905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jumaa PA. Hand hygiene: simple and complex. Int J Infect Dis. 2005;9(1):3–14. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2004.05.00515603990
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanford MD, Widmer AF, Bale MJ, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. Efficient detection and long-term persistence of the carriage of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:1123–1128. doi:10.1093/clinids/19.6.11237888543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson EL, Cronquist AB, Whittier S, Lai L, Lyle CT, Della Latta P. Differences in skin flora between inpatients and chronically ill patients. Heart Lung. 2000;29:298–305. doi:10.1067/mhl.2000.10832410900068
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal VD, Guzman S, Safdar N. Reduction in nosocomial infection with improved hand hygiene in intensive care units of a tertiary care hospital in Argentina. Am J Infect Control. 2005;33(7):392–397. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2004.08.00916153485
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby R, Pegram A, Woodward S. Hand decontamination in clinical practice: a review of the evidence. Br J Nurs. 2017;26(8):448–451. doi:10.12968/bjon.2017.26.8.44828453321
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Di Muzio M, Cammilletti V, Petrelli E, Di Simone E. Hand hygiene in preventing nosocomial infections: a nursing research. Ann Ig. 2015;27(2):485–491.26051147
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markel H. Wash your hands! Milbank Q. 2015;93(3):447–454. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.1212826350921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiß J. Ignaz Semmelweis: a great discovery and even greater ignorance. Z Gastroenterol. 2013;51(5):424.23828959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best M, Neuhauser D. Ignaz Semmelweis, and the birth of infection control. Qual Saf Health Care. 2004;13(3):233–234. doi:10.1136/qshc.2004.01091815175497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen H. Unexpected consequences of simulator use in medical education: a cautionary tale. Simul Healthc. 2014;9(3):149–152. doi:10.1097/SIH.000000000000001424401923
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Karimi H, Alavi NM. Florence Nightingale: the mother of nursing. Nurs Midwifery Stud. 2015;4(2):e29475. doi:10.17795/nmsjournal2947526339672
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nightingale F. Notes on Nursing. Chapter 11. Personal Cleanliness. 1st ed. Germany: Reproduction of the Original, Outlook Verlag, GmBH, Deutschland, Frankfurt am Main; 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Fee E, Garofalo ME. Florence Nightingale and the crimean war. Am J Public Health. 2010;100(9):1591. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.18860720671261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheingold BH, Hahn JA. The history of healthcare quality: the first 100 years 1860–1960. Int J Afr Nurs Sci. 2014;1:18–22.
   Google Scholar
• The Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP). History; 2017 Available from: https://globalhandwashing.org/about-handwashing/history-of-handwashing/. Accessed 221, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Garner JS, Favero MS. CDC guidelines for the prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Guideline for handwashing and hospital environmental control, 1985. Supersedes guideline for hospital environmental control published in 1981. Am J Infect Control. 1986;14(3):110–129. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(86)90019-23014924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner JS, Favero MS. CDC guideline for handwashing and hospital environmental control, 1985. Infect Control. 1986;7:231–243.3009347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Recommendations for preventing the spread of vancomycin resistance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1995;16:105–113. doi:10.2307/301409527759811
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toney-Butler TJ, Carver N. Hand Washing (Hand Hygiene) In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2018 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470254/ Accessed February 21, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Boyce JM, Pittet D. Healthcare infection control practices advisory committee; HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA hand hygiene task force. Guideline for hand hygiene in health-care settings. Recommendations of the healthcare infection control practices advisory committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA hand hygiene task force. Society for healthcare epidemiology of America/Association for professionals in infection control/infectious diseases society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002;51(RR–16):1–45, quiz CE1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Donaldson L. Challenging the world: patient safety and healthcare-associated infection. Int J Qual Health Care. 2006;18(1):4–8. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzi09316396940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone PW. Economic burden of healthcare-associated infections: an American perspective. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2009;9(5):417–422. doi:10.1586/erp.09.5319817525
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maliwan H. Developing and Evaluating Effective Interventions to Reduce Healthcare-Associated Infection in A Resource-Limited Hospital in Thailand. Ph.D. Thesis Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit. The Open University; 2018 Available from: https://oro.open.ac.uk/55283/7/Thesis_Maliwan%20Hongsuwan%2C%20B6976542.pdf. Accessed 221, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Pittet D, Allegranzi B, Sax H, et al.; WHO Global Patient Safety Challenge, World Alliance for Patient Safety. Evidence-based model for hand transmission during patient care and the role of improved practices. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(10):641–652. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70600-417008173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kampf G, Löffler H, Gastmeier P. Hand hygiene for the prevention of nosocomial infections. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2009;106(40):649–655.19890431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gawande A. On Washing Hands. Notes of a surgeon. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(13):1283–1286. doi:10.1056/NEJMp04802515044638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trampuz A, Widmer AF. Hand hygiene: a frequently missed lifesaving opportunity during patient care. Mayo Clin Proc. 2004;79(1):109–116. doi:10.4065/79.1.10914708954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geberemariyam BS, Donka GM, Wordofa B. Assessment of knowledge and practices of healthcare workers towards infection prevention and associated factors in healthcare facilities of West Arsi District, Southeast Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study. Arch Public Health. 2018;76:69. doi:10.1186/s13690-018-0314-030455882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffers H, Zaatreh S, Mittelmeier W, Bader R. Potential infection control risks associated with roaming healthcare industry representatives. J Infect Prev. 2015;17(1):22–28. doi:10.1177/175717741560565828989449
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Longembe EB, Kitronza PL. Compliance with hand-hygiene practice in the General Reference Hospitals of the city of Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo [Observance de l’hygiène des mains dans les hôpitaux généraux de référence de la ville de Kisangani en République Démocratique du Congo]. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;35:57.32537061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukhari SZ, Hussain WM, Banjar A, Almaimani WH, Karima TM, Fatani MI. Hand hygiene compliance rate among healthcare professionals. Saudi Med J. 2011;32(5):515–519.21556474
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erasmus V, Daha TJ, Brug H, et al. Systematic review of studies on compliance with hand hygiene guidelines in-hospital care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(3):283–294. doi:10.1086/65045120088678
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chassin MR, Mayer C, Nether K. Improving hand hygiene at eight hospitals in the United States by targeting specific causes of noncompliance. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2015;41(1):4–12.25976719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker’s Clinical Leadership & Infection Control. 5 strategies to improve hand hygiene adherence; 2014 Available from: https://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/5-strategies-to-improve-hand-hygiene-adherence.html. Accessed 223, 2019.]
   Google Scholar
• Alshehari AA, Park S, Rashid H. Strategies to improve hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in adult intensive care units: a mini systematic review. J Hosp Infect. 2018;100(2):152–158. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.03.01329559231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srigley JA, Lightfoot D, Fernie G, Gardam M, Muller MP. Hand hygiene monitoring technology: protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev. 2013;2:101. doi:10.1186/2046-4053-2-10124219817
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organizations. Patient safety. A world alliance for safer health care. WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care (First global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care). WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland; 2009 Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44102/9789241597906_eng.pdf;jsessionid=B052A1AA8F486348C9B126B729F534E8?sequence=1. Accessed 224, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Luangasanatip N, Hongsuwan M, Limmathurotsakul D, et al. Comparative efficacy of interventions to promote hand hygiene in hospital: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ. 2015;351:h3728. doi:10.1136/bmj.h372826220070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huis A, van Achterberg T, de Bruin M, Grol R, Schoonhoven L, Hulscher M. A systematic review of hand hygiene improvement strategies: a behavioral approach. Implement Sci. 2012;7:92.22978722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doronina O, Jones D, Martello M, Biron A, Lavoie-Tremblay M, Systematic A. Review on the effectiveness of interventions to improve hand hygiene compliance of nurses in the hospital setting. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2017;49(2):143–152. doi:10.1111/jnu.1227428114724
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labrague LJ, McEnroe-Petitte DM, van de Mortel T, Nasirudeen AMA. A systematic review on hand hygiene knowledge and compliance in student nurses. Int Nurs Rev. 2018;65(3):336–348. doi:10.1111/inr.1241029077198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alzyood M, Jackson D, Aveyard H, Brooke J. COVID-19 reinforces the importance of handwashing. J Clin Nurs. 2020;29(15–16):2760–2761. doi:10.1111/jocn.1531332406958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanagh G, Wambier CG. Rational hand hygiene during the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(6):e211. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.03.09032268168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce JM. New insights for improving hand hygiene practices. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(3):187–188. doi:10.1086/50237415061406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahud AG, Bhanot N. The art and science of influencing hand hygiene. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30(8):810–811. doi:10.1086/59908919591586
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Cleaning and disinfection for households interim recommendations for U.S. Households with suspected or confirmed Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); 2020 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/cleaning-disinfection.html. Accessed 821, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention. How to protect yourself & others; 2020 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html. Accessed 821, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Singh PK Promote hand hygiene to save lives and combat COVID-19. WHO Regional Director for South-East Asia, SEARO; 2020 Available from: https://www.who.int/southeastasia/news/detail/04-05-2020-promote-hand-hygiene-to-save-lives-and-combat-covid-19. Accessed 821, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Save lives: clean your hands in the context of COVID-19; 2020 Available from: https://www.who.int/infection-prevention/campaigns/clean-hands/WHO_HH-Community-Campaign_finalv3.pdf?ua=1. Accessed 821, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Hillier MD. Using effective hand hygiene practice to prevent and control infection. Nurs Stand. 2020;35(5):45–50. doi:10.7748/ns.2020.e11552
   Google Scholar
• De Vitis R, Passiatore M, Perna A, Proietti L, Taccardo G. COVID-19 contagion and contamination through hands of trauma patients: what risks and what precautions? J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(2):354–355. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.03732259547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cawthorne KR, Cooke RPD. Innovative technologies for hand hygiene monitoring are urgently needed in the fight against COVID-19. J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(2):362–363. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.04.00532304726
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Güner R, Hasanoğlu I, Aktaş F. COVID-19: prevention and control measures in community. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI–1):571–577. doi:10.3906/sag-2004-14632293835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araghi F, Tabary M, Gheisari M, Abdollahimajd F, Dadkhahfar S. Hand hygiene among health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: challenges and recommendations. Dermatitis. 2020;31(4):233–237. doi:10.1097/DER.000000000000063932568806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffa M, Guo W, Li T, Cronk R, Abebe LS, Bartram J. A systematic review of nosocomial waterborne infections in neonates and mothers. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2017;220(8):1199–1206. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2017.07.01128827123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brian F, Leas BF, Nancy Sullivan N, et al. Environmental cleaning for the prevention of healthcare-associated infections. (Technical Briefs, No. 22.). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USDA; 2015 Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK311016/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK311016.pdf. Accessed 33, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Chemaly RF, Simmons S, Dale C, et al. The role of the healthcare environment in the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms: update on current best practices for containment. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2014;2(3–4):79–90.25469234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kenters N, Gottlieb T, Hopman J, et al.;. An international survey of cleaning and disinfection practices in the healthcare environment. J Hosp Infect. 2018;100(2):236–241. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2018.05.00829772262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rupp ME, Fitzgerald T, Hayes K, et al. Effect of cessation of contact isolation for endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2017;38(8):1005–1007. doi:10.1017/ice.2017.12228592333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. National guidelines for clean hospitals. Applicable to tertiary care hospitals, hospitals associated with medical colleges & super-specialty hospitals in India; 2015 Available from: https://mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/7660257301436254417_0.pdf. Accessed 33, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Ling ML, Apisarnthanarak A, Thu le TA, Villanueva V, Pandjaitan C, Yusof MY. APSIC guidelines for environmental cleaning and decontamination. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2015;4:58. doi:10.1186/s13756-015-0099-726719796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta Y, Gupta A, Todi S, et al. Guidelines for prevention of hospital-acquired infections. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18(3):149–163. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.12870524701065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Clinical Guideline Centre (UK). Infection: prevention and control of healthcare-associated infections in primary and community care: partial update of NICE clinical guideline 2. London: Royal College of Physicians (UK); 2012 (NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 139.) 7, Standard principles for the use of personal protective equipment Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK115274/. Accessed 33, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Lupión C, López-Cortés LE, Rodríguez-Baño J. Preventive measures for avoiding transmission of microorganisms between hospitalized patients. Hand hygiene [Medidas de prevención de la transmisión de microorganismos entre pacientes hospitalizados. Higiene de manos]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 2014;32(9):603–609. doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2014.02.00324661995
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yousif SA, Alenazi TH, Arabi Y. Taming the beast: hospital management of a nosocomial middle east respiratory syndrome outbreak. J Infect Public Health. 2016;9(4):386–388. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2016.03.00227017406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Government of South Africa. Environmental hygiene in healthcare. Available from: https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/public+content/sa+health+internet/clinical+resources/clinical+topics/healthcare+associated+infections/prevention+and+management+of+infections+in+healthcare+settings/environmental+hygiene+in+healthcare#main. Accessed 33, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Carling PC. Optimizing health care environmental hygiene. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2016;30(3):639–660. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2016.04.01027515141
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams J, Bartram J, Chartier Y Essential environmental health standards in health care. WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland; 2008 Available from: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/settings/ehs_health_care.pdf.pdf. Accessed 33, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Allen M, Hall L, Halton K, Graves N. Improving hospital environmental hygiene with the use of a targeted multi-modal bundle strategy. Infect Dis Health. 2018;23(2):107–113. doi:10.1016/j.idh.2018.01.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sydnor ER, Perl TM. Hospital epidemiology and infection control in acute-care settings. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2011;24(1):141–173. doi:10.1128/CMR.00027-1021233510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shillabeer AG. Current Status. In: Shillabeer AG (Eds) The health of Vietnam. 57–90, Singapore: Springer; 2016. doi:10.1007/978-981-287-709-3_5
   Google Scholar
• Sehulster LM, Chinn RYW, Arduino MJ, et al. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA 30329, 2003 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/environmental-guidelines.pdf. Accessed 39, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guide to infection prevention for outpatient settings; 2011 Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/pdfs/guidelines/Outpatient-Care-Guide-withChecklist.pdf. Accessed 39, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• The United States Environmental Protection Agency. What are antimicrobial pesticides? 2014 Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oppad001/ad_info.htm. Accessed 39, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Quinn MM, Henneberger PK, Braun B, et al. Cleaning and disinfecting environmental surfaces in health care: toward an integrated framework for infection and occupational illness prevention. Am J Infect Control. 2015;43(5):424–434. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2015.01.029.25792102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutala WA, Weber DJ; The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities, 2008; 2019 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP), 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30329-4027, USA Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/pdf/guidelines/disinfection-guidelines.pdf. Accessed 39, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Kelsey JC. Sterilization by ethylene oxide. J Clin Pathol. 1961;14(1):59–61. doi:10.1136/jcp.14.1.5913752416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furuhashi M, Miyamae T. Ethylene oxide sterilization of medical devices–with special reference to the sporicidal activity and residual concentration of ethylene oxide and its secondary products. Bull Tokyo Med Dent Univ. 1982;29(2):23–35.6961967
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP). Guideline for disinfection and sterilization in healthcare facilities (2008); 2017 Available from https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/disinfection/introduction.html. Accessed 39, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Irek EO, Amupitan AA, Obadare TO, Aboderin AO. A systematic review of healthcare-associated infections in Africa: an antimicrobial resistance perspective. Afr J Lab Med. 2018;7(2):796. doi:10.4102/ajlm.v7i2.79630568902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Webster TJ, Zhao H. Bacteria antibiotic resistance: new challenges and opportunities for implant-associated orthopedic infections. J Orthop Res. 2017;36(1):22–32. doi:10.1186/s13018-017-0520-428722231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamdy RF, Hsu AJ, Stockmann C, et al. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in children. Pediatrics. 2017;139(6):e20170183. doi:10.1542/peds.2017-018328562284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DJ, Murthy R, Munoz-Price LS, et al. Reconsidering contact precautions for endemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2015;36(10):1163–1172. doi:10.1017/ice.2015.15626138329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, De Waure C, et al. Infection control and prevention measures to reduce the spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in hospitalized patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(5):1185–1192. doi:10.1093/jac/dkt52524458513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otter JA, Mutters NT, Tacconelli E, Gikas A, Holmes AH. Controversies in guidelines for the control of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in EU countries. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21(12):1057–1066. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.09.02126435462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tacconelli E. Screening and isolation for infection control. J Hosp Infect. 2009;73(4):371e377. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2009.05.00219699554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Infection Control Today. Active Surveillance Cultures: friend or Foe? 2010 Available from: https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/epidemiology-surveillance/active-surveillance-cultures-friend-or-foe. Accessed 314, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Edmond M, Lyckholm L, Diekema D. Ethical implications of active surveillance cultures and contact precautions for controlling multidrug-resistant organisms in the hospital setting. Public Health Ethics. 2008;1(3):235–245. doi:10.1093/phe/phn014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinigle KL, Gourlay ML, Buchanan IB. The use of active surveillance cultures in adult intensive care units to reduce methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus–related morbidity, mortality, and costs: a systematic review. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(11):1717–1725. doi:10.1086/58790118494098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soroksky A, Nagornov S, Klinowski E, et al. Active surveillance cultures in critically ill patients: pathogens, patterns, and correlation with eventual bloodstream infections. Isr Med Assoc J. 2014;16(7):418–422.25167686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmond MB, Ober JF, Bearman G. Active surveillance cultures are not required to control MRSA infections in the critical care setting. Am J Infect Control. 2008;36(6):461–463. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2007.09.01118675155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos MC, Ott A, Verbrugh HA, Wannet WJB, de Neeling AJ. Successful search-and-destroy policy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol. 2005;43(4):2034. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.4.2034-2035.200515815056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bootsma MC, Diekmann O, Bonten MJ. Controlling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: quantifying the effects of interventions and rapid diagnostic testing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006;103(14):5620–5625. doi:10.1073/pnas.051007710316565219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson DK. Managing methicillin-resistant staphylococci: a paradigm for preventing nosocomial transmission of resistant organisms. Am J Med. 2006;119(Suppl 6):S45–52. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.04.00216735151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chemaly RF, Simmons S, Dale C, et al. The role of the healthcare environment in the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms: update on current best practices for containment. Ther Adv Infect Dis. 2014;2(3–4):79–90.25469234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffy J, Sievert D, Rebmann C, et al. Effective state-based surveillance for multidrug-resistant organisms related to healthcare-associated infections. Public Health Rep. 2011;126(2):176–185. doi:10.1177/00333549111260020821387947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz MB, Mulligan ME, Kwok R, O’Brien H, Caballes C, Garcia JP. Management and epidemiologic analyses of an outbreak due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Am J Med. 1992;92(6):607–614. doi:10.1016/0002-9343(92)90778-A1605142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safdar N, Marx J, Meyer NA, Maki DG. Effectiveness of preemptive barrier precautions in controlling nosocomial colonization and infection by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a burn unit. Am J Infect Control. 2006;34(8):476–483. doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2006.01.01117015152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomar SL. Public health perspectives on surveillance for periodontal diseases. J Periodontol. 2007;78(Suppl 7S):1380–1386. doi:10.1902/jop.2007.060340
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridelberg M, Nilsen P. Using surveillance data to reduce healthcare-associated infection: a qualitative study in Sweden. J Infect Prev. 2015;16(5):208–214. doi:10.1177/175717741558838028989432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Bruin JS, Seeling W, Schuh C. Data use and effectiveness in electronic surveillance of healthcare-associated infections in the 21st Century: a systematic review. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(5):942–951. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-00208924421290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bunnik BA, Ciccolini M, Gibbons CL, et al. Efficient national surveillance for health-care-associated infections. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:832. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2172-926316148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris AK, Russell CD. Enhanced surveillance of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia to identify targets for infection prevention. J Hosp Infect. 2016;93(2):169–174. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2016.03.00327107617
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdoch F, Danial J, Morris AK, et al. The Scottish enhanced Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia surveillance program: the first 18 months of data in adults. J Hosp Infect. 2017;97(2):133–139. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2017.06.00828602702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Mohapatra S, Rath GP, Kapil A. Active surveillance of health care-associated infections in neurosurgical patients. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11(7):DC01–DC04.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuschneid I, Rücker G, Schoop R, et al. Representativeness of the surveillance data in the intensive care unit component of the German nosocomial infections surveillance system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010;31(9):934–938. doi:10.1086/65546220662616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garner JS, Emori WR, Horan TC, Hughes JM, Hughes JM. CDC definitions for nosocomial infections. Am J Infect Control. 1988;16(3):128–140. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(88)90053-32841893
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emori TG, Culver DH, Horan TC, et al. National nosocomial infection surveillance system (NNIS): description of surveillance methods. Am J Infect Control. 1991;19(1):19–35. doi:10.1016/0196-6553(91)90157-81850582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rücker G, Schoop R, Beyersmann J, Schumacher M, Zuschneid I. Are KISS data representative of German intensive care units? Statistical issues. Methods Inf Med. 2006;45(4):424–429. doi:10.1055/s-0038-163409916964360
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastmeier P, Schwab F, Geffers C, Rüden H. To isolate or not to isolate? Analysis of data from the German Nosocomial Infection Surveillance System regarding the placement of patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in private rooms in intensive care units. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004;25(2):109–113. doi:10.1086/50235914994934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta Y, Gupta A, Todi S, et al. Guidelines for prevention of hospital-acquired infections. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2014;18(3):149–163.24701065
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alp E, Damani N. Healthcare-associated infections in intensive care units: epidemiology and infection control in low-to-middle income countries. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2015;9(10):1040–1045. doi:10.3855/jidc.683226517477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccolini M, Donker T, Grundmann H, Bonten MJ, Woolhouse ME. Efficient surveillance for healthcare-associated infections spreading between hospitals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(6):2271–2276. doi:10.1073/pnas.130806211124469791
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGowan JE, Gerding DN. Does antibiotic restriction prevent resistance? New Horiz. 1996;4(3):370–376.8856755
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America. Antimicrobial Stewardship; 2019 1300 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 300, Arlington, VA 22209, USA Available from https://www.shea-online.org/index.php/practice-resources/priority-topics/antimicrobial-stewardship. Accessed 316, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Gerding DN. The search for good antimicrobial stewardship. Jt Comm J Qual Improv. 2001;27(8):403–404.11480201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dyar OJ, Huttner B, Schouten J, Pulcini C; ESGAP (ESCMID Study Group for Antimicrobial stewardship). What is antimicrobial stewardship? Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(11):793–798. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.08.02628882725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartelli M, Coccolini F, Abu-Zidan FM, et al. Hey surgeons! It is time to lead and be a champion in preventing and managing surgical infections! World J Emerg Surg. 2020;15(1):28. doi:10.1186/s13017-020-00308-132306979
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartelli M, Malangoni MA, May AK, et al. World Society of Emergency Surgery (WSES) guidelines for management of skin and soft tissue infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2014;9(1):57. doi:10.1186/1749-7922-9-5725422671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartelli M, Malangoni MA, Abu-Zidan FM, et al. WSES guidelines for management of Clostridium difficile infection in surgical patients. World J Emerg Surg. 2015;10:38. doi:10.1186/s13017-015-0033-626300956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartelli M, Chichom-Mefire A, Labricciosa FM, et al. The management of intra-abdominal infections from a global perspective: 2017 WSES guidelines for management of intra-abdominal infections. World J Emerg Surg. 2017;12:29. doi:10.1186/s13017-017-0141-628702076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doron S, Davidson LE. Antimicrobial stewardship. Mayo Clin Proc. 2011;86(11):1113–1123. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.035822033257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID), Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP). Core elements of hospital antibiotic stewardship programs; 2015 Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/antibiotic-use/healthcare/implementation/core-elements.html. Accessed 316, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Joseph J, Rodvold KA. The role of carbapenems in the treatment of severe nosocomial respiratory tract infections. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2008;9(4):561–575. doi:10.1517/14656566.9.4.56118312158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomon DH, Van Houten L, Glynn RJ, et al. Academic detailing to improve use of broad-spectrum antibiotics at an academic medical center. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(15):1897–1902. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.15.189711493132
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fraser GL, Stogsdill P, Dickens JD, Wennberg DE, Smith RP, Prato BS. Antibiotic optimization: an evaluation of patient safety and economic outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 1997;157(15):1689–1694. doi:10.1001/archinte.1997.004403601050129250230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baur D, Gladstone BP, Burkert F, et al. Effect of antibiotic stewardship on the incidence of infection and colonization with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and Clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(9):990–1001. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30325-028629876
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khdour MR, Hallak HO, Aldeyab MA, et al. Impact of antimicrobial stewardship program on hospitalized patients at the intensive care unit: a prospective audit and feedback study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84(4):708–715. doi:10.1111/bcp.1348629236303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timbrook TT, Hurst JM, Bosso JA. Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program on antimicrobial utilization, bacterial susceptibilities, and financial expenditures at an academic medical center. Hosp Pharm. 2016;51(9):703–711. doi:10.1310/hpj5109-70327803499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nathwani D, Varghese D, Stephens J, Ansari W, Martin S, Charbonneau C. Value of hospital antimicrobial stewardship programs [ASPs]: a systematic review. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2019;8:35. doi:10.1186/s13756-019-0471-030805182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda H, Ohmagari N, Tokuda Y, Mattar C, Warren DK. Antimicrobial stewardship in inpatient settings in the asia pacific region: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017;64(Suppl_2):S119–S126. doi:10.1093/cid/cix01728475777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goff DA. Antimicrobial stewardship: bridging the gap between quality care and cost. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011;24(Suppl 1):S11–20. doi:10.1097/01.qco.0000393484.17894.0521200180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dik JW, Poelman R, Friedrich AW, et al. An integrated stewardship model: antimicrobial, infection prevention and diagnostic (AID). Future Microbiol. 2016;11(1):93–102. doi:10.2217/fmb.15.9926323589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treadwell JR, Lucas S, Tsou AY. Surgical checklists: a systematic review of impacts and implementation. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;23(4):299–318. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2012-001797
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carthey J, Walker S, Deelchand V, Vincent C, Griffiths WH. Breaking the rules: understanding non-compliance with policies and guidelines. BMJ. 2011;343:d5283. doi:10.1136/bmj.d528321914756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins AS. Preventing health care-associated infections In: Hughes RG, editor. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008:41.
   Google Scholar
• Dunagan WC, Woodward RS, Medoff G, et al. Antimicrobial misuse in patients with positive blood cultures. Am J Med. 1989;87(3):253e259. doi:10.1016/S0002-9343(89)80146-92773963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes E, Phillips R, Middleton S, Gould D. A qualitative study of senior hospital managers’ views on current and innovative strategies to improve hand hygiene. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:611.25407783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerber JS, Prasad PA, Fiks AG, et al. Durability of benefits of an outpatient antimicrobial stewardship intervention after discontinuation of audit and feedback. JAMA. 2014;312(23):2569–2570. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.1404225317759
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ament SM, de Groot JJ, Maessen JM, Dirksen CD, van der Weijden T, Kleijnen J. Sustainability of professionals’ adherence to clinical practice guidelines in medical care: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2015;5(12):e008073. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-008073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pronovost P, Needham D, Berenholtz S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(26):2725–2732. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa06111517192537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeeva RR, Wright D. Healthcare-associated infections: a national patient safety problem and the coordinated response. Med Care. 2014;52(Suppl 2):S4–S8. doi:10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182a5458124430265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gastmeier P. Healthcare-associated versus community-acquired infections: a new challenge for science and society. Int J Med Microbiol. 2010;300(6):342–345. doi:10.1016/j.ijmm.2010.04.00720452277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardam MA, Lemieux C, Reason P, van Dijk M, Goel V. Healthcare-associated infections as patient safety indicators. Healthc Pap. 2009;9(3):8–24. doi:10.12927/hcpap.2009.20922
   Google Scholar
• Bavel JJV, Baicker K, Boggio PS, et al. Using social and behavioral science to support COVID-19 pandemic response. Natl Human Behav. 2020;4(5):460–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuy S, Gupta R, Correa R, Tsai R, Vohra S. Best practices for a Covid-19 preparedness plan for health systems. NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv. 2020. doi:10.1056/CAT.20.0108
   Google Scholar
• Triggle CR, Bansal D, Farag EABA, Ding H, Sultan AA, Rosenberg HF. COVID-19: learning from lessons to guide treatment and prevention interventions. mSphere. 2020;5(3):e00317–20. doi:10.1128/mSphere.00317-2032404514
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian X, Ren R, Wang Y, et al. Fighting against the common enemy of COVID-19: a practice of building a community with a shared future for mankind. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020;9(1):34. doi:10.1186/s40249-020-00650-132264957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee IK, Wang CC, Lin MC, Kung CT, Lan KC, Lee CT. Effective strategies to prevent coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2020;105(1):102–103. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.02.02232142886
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu T, Hu E, Zeng W, Zhang H, Xue X, Ma J. Unprecedented action has been taken to contain the epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2020;45(3):334–337.32386027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ripabelli G, Tamburro M, Guerrizio G, Fanelli I, Agnusdei CP, Sammarco ML. A single-arm study to evaluate skin tolerance, effectiveness, and adherence to use of an alcohol-based hand rub solution among hospital nurses. J Infect Prev. 2019;20(5):224–230. doi:10.1177/1757177419846295
   Google Scholar