Magnitude of Streptococcus pneumoniae Among Under-Five Children with Symptom of Acute Respiratory Infection at Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital, Harar, Ethiopia: Associated Risk Factors and Antibacterial Susceptibility Patterns

References

• Abolwafa NF. Effect of educational program on mothers knowledge about prevention of pneumonia for their children under five years. IOSR-JNHS. 2017;6(5):05–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hans-Christian S, Tiny D, Steen H. The effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease caused by ten non-vaccine serotypes in Denmark. Vaccine J Elsevier. 2016;34(6):769–774.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timkete M. Factor’s affecting healthcare-seeking for children below five years with symptoms of acute respiratory tract infection in Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study based on the 2016. Demographic Health Survey. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Measuring Impact of Streptococcus Pneumoniae and Haemophilus Influenzae Type b Conjugate Vaccination; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Wahl B, Sharan A, Knoll MD, et al. National, regional, and state-level burden of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae type b disease in children in India: modelled estimates for 2000–15. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(6):735–747. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30081-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Fact sheet on pneumonia. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2013;88(11):126–127.23544239
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buchner DL, Awor P. A protocol for engaging unlicensed private drug shops in rural eastern Uganda for Integrated Community Case Management (ICCM) of malaria, pneumonia and diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e009133. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha S, Foxman B, Weinberger DM, Steiner C, Viboud C, Rohani P. Identifying the interaction between influenza and pneumococcal pneumonia using incidence data. Sci Transl Med. 2013;5(191):191ra84–191ra84. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3005982
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zar HJ, Madhi SA, Aston SJ, Gordon SB. Pneumonia in low and middle income countries: progress and challenges. Thorax. 2013;68(11):1052–1056. doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-20424723956020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richai G, Rav A. Committing to child survival: a promise renewed. Aust Med J. 2012.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEFP). Pneumonia and Diarrhea: Tackling the Deadliest Diseases for the World’s Poorest Children. New York; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Hiwot Fana Specialized University Hospital annual report. 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Bantie G, Zemene M, Melkamu B, Abebayehu B. The prevalence and root causes of delay in seeking healthcare among mothers of under-five children with pneumonia in hospitals of Bahir Dar city, North West Ethiopia. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1):1–10. doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1869-930606158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon SB, Bruce NG, Grigg J, et al. Respiratory risks from household air pollution in low and middle income countries. Lancet Respir Med. 2014;2(10):823–860. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70168-725193349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abuka T. Prevalence of pneumonia and factors associated among children 2–59 months old in Wondo Genet district, Sidama Zone, SNNPR, Ethiopia. Cur Pediar Res. 2017;21(1):19–25.
   Google Scholar
• Cheesbrough M. District Laboratory Practice in Tropical Countries. Cambridge University Press; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing 26th ed. In: CLSI Supplement. M100S. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2019:76–88
   Google Scholar
• Mulu W, Yizengaw E, Alemu M, et al. Pharyngeal colonization and drug resistance profiles of Morraxella catarrrhalis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Haemophilus influenzae among HIV infected children attending ART Clinic of Felegehiwot Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0196722. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.019672229746496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fekadu GA, Terefe MW, Alemie GA. Prevalence of pneumonia among under-five children in Este Town and the surrounding rural Kebeles, Northwest Ethiopia: a community based cross sectional study. Sci J Public Health. 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Gebre T, Tadesse M, Aragaw D, et al. Nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Streptococcus pneumoniae among children under five in Southwest Ethiopia. Children. 2017;4(4):27. doi:10.3390/children4040027
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lema K, Murugan R, Tachbele E. Prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia among under-five children at public hospitals in Jimma zone, South West of Ethiopia. J Pulmonol Clin Res. 2018;2(1):25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Oporto CR, Tania -C-C, María LG, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in solid organ transplant recipients. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(697):1–9.30606108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks AW, Goswami D, Rahman M, et al. Influenza is a major contributor to childhood in a tropical developing country. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29(3):216–221. doi:10.1097/INF.0b013e3181bc23fd20190613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanker A, Nduru PM, Barnett W, et al. Indoor air pollution and tobacco smoke exposure: impact on nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage in mothers and infants in an African birth cohort study. ERJ Open Res. 2019;5(1):00052–2018. doi:10.1183/23120541.00052-201830740462
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haile AA, Gidebo DD, Ali MM. Colonization rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae, its associated factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among children attending kindergarten school in Hawassa, southern Ethiopia. BMC Res Notes. 2019;344(12).
   Google Scholar
• Abate A, Gelaw S, Tigabu Y, Zemene T. Nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Streptococcus pneumoniae among pediatric outpatients at Gondar University Hospital, North West Ethiopia. Pediatr Neonatol. 2013;54(5):315–321. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2013.03.01723680262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanni Y, Olalekan AU, Friday O, Ghose B. Decomposing the rural-urban gap in the factors of under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa? Evidence from 35 countries. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(616):1–10.30606151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar VS, Sagar P, Laxman G, et al. Emerging roles of inflammasomes in acute pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(2):160–171. doi:10.1164/rccm.201707-1391PP28930487
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdoulaye D, Makhtar C, Abdoulaye S, et al. Antibiotic susceptibility profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from acute respiratory infection in Dakar: a cross sectional study. Microbiol Med. 2018;33(7862):13–17.
   Google Scholar
• Ndosa A, Kidenya BR, Mushi MF, Mirambo MM, Hokororo A, Mshana SE. Factors associated with colonization of Streptococcus pneumoniae among under-fives attending clinic in Mwanza City, Tanzania. Tanzania J Health Res. 2015;17(1).
   Google Scholar
• Githii S, Revathi G, Muigai A, Kariuki S. Carriage rate and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae amongst children in Thika Hospital, Kenya. Afr J Lab Med. 2013;2(1). doi:10.4102/ajlm.v2i1.45
   Google Scholar