References
- Thompson B, Hart S A., Durno D. Menopausal age and symptomatology in a general practice. J Biosocial Sci 1973; 5: 71–82
- McKinlay S M., Jeffreys M. The menopausal syndrome. Brit J Prevent Soc Med 1974; 28: 108–15
- Judd H L., Cleary R E., Creasman W T., Figge D C., Kase N, Rosenwaks Z, Tagatz G E. Estrogen replacement therapy. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 3: 267–75
- Kunin C M., McCormack R C. An epidemiologic study of bacteriuria and blood pressure among nuns and working women. N Eng J Med 1968; 278: 635–42
- Brocklehurst J C., Fry J, Griffiths L L., Kalton G. Urinary infection and symptoms of dysuria in women aged 45–65 years: their relevance to similar findings in the elderly. Age & Ageing 1972; 1: 41–7
- Brocklehurst J C., Dillane J B., Griffiths L, Fry J. The prevalence and symptomatology of urinary infection in an aged population. Gerontology 1968; 10: 242–53
- Milne J S., Williamson J, Maule M M., Wallace E T. Urinary symptoms in older people. Modern Geriatrics 1972; 2: 198–212
- Thomas T M., Plymat K R., Blannin J, Meade T W. Prevalence of urinary incontinence. Br Med J 1980; 281: 1243–5
- Iosif C S., Bekassy Z. Prevalence of genito-urinary symptoms in the late menopause. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 63: 257–60
- Samsioe G, Jansson I, Mellström D, Svanborg A. The occurrence, nature and treatment of urinary incontinence in a 70-year-old female population. Maturitas 1985; 7(4)335–42
- Statistical abstract of Sweden 1984; 18: 29
- Smith D C., Prentice R, Thompson D J., Herrmann W L. Association of exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma. N Eng J Med 1975; 293: 1164–7
- Ziel H K., Finkle W D. Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens. N Eng J Med 1975; 293: 1167–70
- Gambrell R D., Jr. The prevention of endometrial cancer in postmenopausal women with progestogens. Maturitas 1978; 1: 107–12
- Whitehead M I., Townsend P T., Pryse-Davies J, Ryder T A., King R J. Effects of estrogens and progestins on the biochemistry and morphology of the postmenopausal endometrium. New Eng J Med 1981; 305: 1599–605
- Marrian G F., III. The chemistry of oestrin. III. An improved method of preparation and the isolation of active crystalline material. Biochem J 1930; 24: 435–45
- Doisy E A., Thayer S A., Levin L, Curtis J M. A new triatomic alcohol from the urine of pregnant women. Proc Soc Expr Biol Med 1930; 28: 88–9
- Browne J SL. cited by Collip. J.B. Proc Calif Acad Med 1930; 1: 38–73
- Dunn J F., Nisula B C., Rodbard D. Transport of steroid hormones: binding of 21 endogenous steroids to both testosterone-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin in human plasma. J Clin Endocrin Metab 1981; 53: 58–68
- Puck A V. Die Wirkung von Östriol bei Dysmenorrhoe, Entzündungen im weiblichen Genitale, Pruritus und Beschwerden der Klimax. Münch med Wschr 1957; 99: 1505–7
- Borglin N E. Effect of oestriol on the female genital tract. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1959; 38: 157–71
- Lauritzen C, Velibese S. Clinical investigations of a long-acting oestriol (Polyoestriol Phosphate). Acta Endocrinol 1961; 38: 73–87
- Myhre E. Endometrial Response to different estrogens. Front Hormone Res 1978; 5: 126–44
- Heuser H P., Staemmler H J. Histological investigations into the effect of oestriol succinate on the corpus uteri in postmenopausal women. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 1973; 23: 558–62
- Tzingounis V A., Aksu M F., Greenblatt R B. Estriol in the management of the menopause. Jama 1978; 239: 1638–41
- Englund D E., Johansson E DB. Endometrial effect of oral oestriol treatment in postmenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1980; 59: 449–51
- Fink R S., Collins W P., Papadaki L, O'Reilly B, Ginsburg J. Vaginal oestriol: effective menopausal therapy not associated with endometrial hyperplasia. J Gynaec Endocrin 1985; 1–2: 1–11
- Kicovic P M., Cortes-Prieto J, Milojeví S, Haspels A A., Aljinovic A. The treatment of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy with ovestin vaginal cream or suppositories: clinical, endocrinological and safety aspects. Maturitas 1980; 2: 275–82
- Englund D E., Axelsson O, Nilsson B O. Endometrial effect of vaginal estriol treatment. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1982; 106: 23–6
- Haskins A L., Moszkowski E F., Whitelock V P. The estrogenic potential of estriol. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1968; 1: 665–9
- Englund D E., Elamsson K B., Johansson E DB. Bioavailability of oestriol. Acta Endocrinol 1982; 99: 136–9
- Heimer G M., Englund D E. Estriol absorption after long-term vaginal treatment and gastrointestinal absorption as influenced by a meal. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1984; 63: 563–7
- Heimer G M., Englund D E. Plasma oestriol following vaginal administration: morning versus evening insertion and the influence of food on oestriol blood levels. Maturitas 1986; 8: 239–43
- Heimer G M., Englund D E. Enterohepatic recirculation of oestriol studied in cholecystectomized and non-cholecystectomized menopausal women. Uppsala J Med Sci 1984; 89: 107–15
- Heimer G M., Englund D E. Enterohepatic recirculation of oestriol: inhibition by activated charcoal. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) Sep, 1986; 113(l)93–5
- Lindberg B S., Lindberg P, Martinsson K, Johansson E DB. Radioimmunological methods for the estimation of oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol in pregnancy plasma. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand Suppl 1974; 32: 5–19
- Heimer G M., Englund D E. Effects of vaginally administered oestriol on postmenopausal urogenital disorders: a cytohormonal study, Submitted for publication
- Wren B G. Oestriol in the control of postmenopausal symptoms. Med J Aust 1982; 1: 176–7
- Karoussos K E., Studer S, Wyss H J. The treatment of atrophic vaginal conditions with Ortho-Gynest: a pilot study. J Int Med Res 1979; 7: 568–9
- Keller P J., Riedmann R, Fischer M, Gerber C. Oestrogens, gonadotropins and prolactin after intra-vaginal administration of oestriol in post-menopausal women. Maturitas 1981; 3: 47–53
- Tulchinsky D. Placental secretion of unconjugated estrone, estradiol and estriol into the maternal and fetal circulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1973; 36: 1079–87
- Longcope C. Estriol production and metabolism in normal women. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20: 959–62
- Schiff I, Tulchinsky D, Ryan K J., Kadner S, Levitz M. Plasma estriol and its conjugates following oral and vaginal administration of estriol to postmenopausal women: Correlations with gonadotropin levels. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 15: 1137–41
- Vermeulen A J., Verdonck L. Studies on the binding of testosterone to human plasma. Steroid 1968; 11: 609–35
- Anderson J N., Peck E J., Jr, Clark J H. Estrogen-induced uterine responses and growth: Relationship to receptor estrogen binding by uterine nuclei. Endocrinology 1975; 96: 160–7
- Clark J H., Peck E J., Jr, Andersson J N. Estrogen-receptor binding: relationship to estrogen-induced responses. J Toxic Envir Health 1976; 1: 561–86
- Clark J H., Paszko Z, Peck E J., Jr. Nuclear binding and retention of the receptor estrogen complex: relation to the agonist and antagonistic properties of estriol. Endocrinology 1977; 100: 91–6
- Korach K, Fox-Davies C, Baker V. Differential response to estriol and estradiol in the mouse uterus: correlation to an additional nuclear event. Endocrinology 1980; 106: 1900–6
- Sandberg A A., Slaunwhite W R., Jr. Studies on phenolic steroids in human subjects. VII. Metabolic fate of oestriol and its glucuronide. J Clin Invest 1965; 44: 694–702
- Klopper A, Masson G, Campbell D, Wilson G. Estriol in plasma: a compartmental study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1973; 117: 21–6
- Flood C, Pratt J H., Longcope C. The metabolic clearance and blood production rates of oestriol in normal, non-pregnant women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 42: 1–8
- Adlercreutz H. Hepatic metabolism of oestrogens in health and disease. N Engl J Med 1974; 9: 1081–3
- Adlercreutz H, Ervast H S., Tikkanen M J. Gaschroma-tographic and mass-spectrometric studies on oestrogen in bile. Part 1: Pregnant women. Acta Endocrinol 1973; 73: 543–55
- Adlercreutz H, Martin F. Biliary excretion and intestinal metaboism of progesterone and estrogens in man. J Steroid Biochem 1980; 13: 231–44
- Adlercreutz H, Martin F, Jarvenpaa P, Fotsis T. Steroid absorption and enterohepatic recycling. Contraception 1979; 20: 201–23
- Adlercreutz H, Martin F, Wahlroos Ö, Soini E. Mass spectrometric and mass fragmentographic determination of natural and synthetic steroids in biologial fluids. J Steroid Biochem 1975; 6: 247–59
- Adlercreutz H, Martin F, Pulkkinen M, Dencker H, Rimér U, Sjöberg N-O, Tikkanen M J. Intestinal metabolism of estrogens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1976; 43: 497–505
- Levitz M, Katz J. Enterohepatic metabolism of estriol-3-sulfate-16-glucosiduronate in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1968; 28: 862–8
- Emerman S, Twombly G H., Leviz M. Biliary and urinary metabolites of estriol-15-3H-3-sulphate-35-S in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1967; 27: 539–48
- Adlercreutz H, Pulkkinen M O., Hämäläinen E K., Korpula J T. Studies on the role of intestinal bacteria in metabolism of synthetic and natural steroid hormones. J Steroid Biochem 1984; 20: 217–29
- Goldin B R., Adlercreutz H, Gorbach S L., Warram J H., Dwyer J T., Svenson L, Woods M N. Estrogen excretion pattern and piasma levels in vegetarian and omnivorous women. N Engl J Med 1982; 307: 1542–7
- Adlercreutz H. Tarmflorans och dietens betydelse för hormonomsättning och produktion med relation till cancer. Finska Läkaresäskapets Handlingar 1985; 129: 217–25
- Adlercreutz H. Does fiber-rich food containing animal lignan precursors protect against both colon and breast cancer? An extension of the “Fiber hypothesis”. Gastroenterology 1984; 86: 761–6
- Adlercreutz H, Fotsis T, Bannwart C, Hämäläinen E, Bloigu S, Ollus A. Urinary estrogen profile determination in young Finnish vegetarian and omnivorous women. J Steroid Biochem 1986, (in press)
- Mattsson LÅ, Cullberg G. Clinical evaluation of treatment with estriol vaginal cream versus suppository in postmenopausal women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1983; 62: 397–401
- Furuhjelm M, Karlgren E, Carlström K. Intravaginal administration of conjugated estrogens in premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1980; 17: 335–9
- Deutsch J, Ossowski R, Benjamin I. Comparison between degree of systemic absorption of vaginally and orally administered estrogens at different dose levels in postmenopausal women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 8: 967–8
- Brandberg Å, MellstrøUm D, Samsioe G. Peroral östriol-behandling till äldre kvinnor med urogenitala besvär. Läkartidn 1985; 40: 3399–401
- Walter S, Wolf H, Barlebo H, Jensen H K. Urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women treated with estrogens. Urol Int 1978; 33: 135–43
- Parsons C L., Schmidt J D. Control of recurrent lower urinary tract infections in the postmenopausal women. J Urol 1982; 128: 1224–6
- Semmens J P., Tsai C C., Semmens Curtis E., Loadholt C B. Effects of estrogen therapy on vaginal physiology during menopause. Obstetrics and Gynaecology 1985; 66: 15–8
- Navab A, Koss L G., LaDue J S. Estrogen-like activity of digitalis. JAMA 1965; 194: 30–2
- Sedlis A, Turkel W, Stone D. Estrogen activity in postmenopausal women. Bull NY Acad Med 1969; 45: 271–80