30
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

The Avian Stapedius Muscle

&
Pages 267-274 | Received 22 Sep 1981, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Borg E. Acoustic middle ear reflexes: a sensory control system. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh), Suppl. 1972; 304: 1
  • Borg E., Counter S. A., Rydqvist B. Contraction properties and functional morphology of the avian stapedius muscle. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1979; 88: 20
  • Borg E., Zakrisson J. E. The activity of the stapedius in man during vocalization. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1975; 79: 325
  • Brackenbury J. H. Physiological energetics of cock-crow. Nature 1977; 270: 433
  • Breuer J. Über das Gehörorgan der Vögel. Wien. Sitzber Ak Wiss 1907; 166, Abt. III
  • Counter S. A., Borg E. Physiological activation of the stapedius muscle in. Gallus gallus. Acta Otolar-yngol (Stockh) 1979; 88: 13
  • Counter S. A., Borg E., Lännergren J. Basic contraction properties of the avian stapedius muscle. Acta Physiol Scand 1981; 111: 105
  • Djupesland G. Middle ear muscle reflexes elicited by acoustic and nonacoustic stimulation. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh), Suppl. 1964; 188: 287
  • Gates R. G., Perry D. R., Coles R. B. Cochlear microphonics in the adult domestic fowl (Gallus do-mesticus). Comp Biochem Physiol 1975; 51 A: 251
  • Galambos R., Rupert A. Action of middle ear muscles in normal cats. J Acoust Soc Amer 1959; 31: 349
  • Henson O. W. The activity and function of the middle ear muscle in echolocating bats. J. Physiol (Lond) 1965; 180: 871
  • Henson O. W. Comparative anatomy of the middle ear. Handbook of Sensory Physiology, Keidel, Neff. Springer, New York 1974; Vol. 1: 39–110
  • Hilding D. A. The intratympanic muscle reflex as a protection mechanism against loud impulsive noise. Ann Otol Rhin Laryngol 1960; 69: 51
  • Hill K. G., Lewis D. B., Hutchings M. E., Coles R. B. Directional hearing in the Japanese Quail (Coturnix Coturnix Japonica). J Exp Biol 1980; 86: 135
  • Metz O. Threshold of reflex contractions of muscles of middle ear and recruitment of loudness. Arch Otolaryngol 1952; 55: 536
  • Møller A. R. Acoustic reflex in man. J Acoustic Soc Am 1962; 34: 1524
  • Oeckinghaus H., Schwartzkopff J. Elektrische Aktivierung des Mittelohrmuskels beim Star. Natur-wissenschaften 1975; 62: 582
  • Pohlman A. G. The position and functional interpretation of the elastic ligaments in the middle ear of. Gallus. J Morphol 1921; 35: 229
  • Rosowski J. J., Saunders J. C. Sound transmission through the avian interaural pathways. J Comp Physiol 1980; 136: 183
  • Schwartzkopff J. Untersuchungen über die Arbeits-weise des Mittelohres und das Richtungshören der Singvögel unter Verwendung von Cochlea-Potentia-len. Z Vergl Physiol 1952; 34: 46
  • Simmons F. B. Middle ear muscle activity at moderate sound levels. Ann Otol Rhin Laryngol 1959; 68: 1126
  • Simmons F. B. Individual sound damage susceptibility: Role of middle ear muscles. Ann Otol Rhin Laryngol 1963; 72: 528
  • Smith G. The middle ear and columella of birds. Quart J Micro Sci 1904; 48: 11
  • Stellbogen E. Über das äussere und mittlere Ohr des Waldkauzes. Z Morphol Okol Tiere 1930; 232: 500
  • Suga N., Schlegel P. Neural attenuation of responses to emitted sounds in echolocating bats. Science 1972; 177: 82
  • Suga N., Schimozawa T. Site of neural attenuation of responses to self-vocalized sounds in echolocating bats. Science 1973; 183: 1211
  • Wacta Y. Beiträge zur vergleichenden Physiologie des Gehörorgans. Pflügers Arch Ges Physiol 1923; 202: 46
  • Wever E. G., Vernon J. A. The effects of the tympanic muscle reflexes upon sound transmission. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1955; 45: 433
  • Zakrisson J.-E. The role of the stapedius reflex in post stimulatory auditory fatigue. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1975; 79: 1

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.