96
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review-Article

Evolution of human brain functions: the functional structure of human consciousness

, MD (Wallace Renard Professor of Psychiatry, Genetics and Psychology)
Pages 994-1006 | Received 07 Aug 2009, Accepted 07 Aug 2009, Published online: 10 Dec 2009

References

  • Hall CS, Lindzey G. Theories of personality. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1978.
  • Maslow AH. Higher and lower needs. J Psychol 1948; 25:433–436.
  • WHO. Mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2001.
  • Vaillant GE, Vaillant CO. Natural history of male psychological health, XII: a 45-year study of predictors of successful aging at age 65. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147:31–37.
  • Collins. Collins essential English dictionary. New York: Harper Collins, 2006.
  • Tulving E. Multiple memory systems and consciousness. Hum Neurobiol 1987; 6:67–80.
  • Cloninger CR. Feeling good: the science of well-being. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.
  • Craig AD. How do you feel – now? The anterior insula and human awareness. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009; 10:59–70.
  • Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL. The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1124:1–38.
  • Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:676–682.
  • Gusnard DA, Akbudak E, Shulman GL, Raichle ME. Medial prefrontal cortex and self-referential mental activity: relation to a default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:4259–4264.
  • Levine B. Autobiographical memory and the self in time: brain lesion effects, functional neuroanatomy, and lifespan development. Brain Cogn 2004; 55:54–68.
  • Pribram K. Rethinking neural networks: quantum fields and biological data. Hillsdale, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1993.
  • Darwin C, Ekman P, Prodger P. The expression of the emotions in man and animals. London: Harpercollins Publishers, 1998.
  • Chomsky N. Rules and representations. Behav Brain Sci 1980; 3:1–61.
  • Chomsky N. Universals of human nature. Psychother Psychosom 2005; 74:263–268.
  • Cloninger CR. A systematic method for clinical description and classification of personality variants. A proposal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1987; 44:573–588.
  • Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM, Przybeck TR. A psychobiological model of temperament and character. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50:975–990.
  • Cloninger CR. Completing the psychobiological architecture of human personality development: temperament, character, and coherence, Staudinger UM, Lindenberger UER, Understanding human development: dialogues with lifespan psychology. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003: 159–182.
  • Cloninger CR, Svrakic DM. Integrative psychobiological approach to psychiatric assessment and treatment. Psychiatry 1997; 60:120–141.
  • Crain W. Theories of development: concept and applications. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2000.
  • Staudinger UM, Lindenberger U. Understanding human development: dialogues with lifespan psychology. London: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.
  • Cloninger CR. Foreword. Lilienfeld SO, O’Donohue WT, Fowler KA, Personality disorders: toward the DSM-V. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 2007: vii–xvi.
  • Bjorklund DF. In search of a metatheory for cognitive development (or, Piaget is dead and I don’t feel so good myself). Child Dev 1997; 68:144–148.
  • Cloninger CR. The science of well-being: an integrated approach to mental health and its disorders. World Psychiatry 2006; 5:71–76.
  • Gruber HE. Darwin on man, together with Darwin’s early and unpublished notebooks. New York: EP Dutton, 1974.
  • Murphy WJ, Pringle TH, Crider TA, Springer MS, Miller W. Using genomic data to unravel the root of the placental mammal phylogeny. Genome Res 2007; 17:413–421.
  • Murphy WJ, Eizirik E, Johnson WE, Zhang YP, Ryder OA, O’Brien SJ. Molecular phylogenetics and the origins of placental mammals. Nature 2001; 409:614–618.
  • Smith HF, Grine FE. Cladistic analysis of early Homo crania from Swartkrans and Sterkfontein, South Africa. J Hum Evol 2008; 54:684–704.
  • Hammer MF, Karafet T, Rasanayagam A . Out of Africa and back again: nested cladistic analysis of human Y chromosome variation. Mol Biol Evol 1998; 15:427–441.
  • Schierwater B, Eitel M, Jakob W . Concatenated analysis sheds light on early metazoan evolution and fuels a modern ‘urmetazoon’ hypothesis. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e20.
  • Bloch JI, Silcox MT, Boyer DM, Sargis EJ. New Paleocene skeletons and the relationship of plesiadapiforms to crown-clade primates. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007; 104:1159–1164.
  • Janecka JE, Miller W, Pringle TH . Molecular and genomic data identify the closest living relative of primates. Science 2007; 318:792–794.
  • Sussman RW. Primate origins and the evolution of angiosperms. Am J Primatol 1991; 23:209–223.
  • Sargis EJ. Paleontology. Primate origins nailed. Science 2002; 298:1564–1565.
  • Eaton SB, Eaton SB 3rd, Konner MJ. Paleolithic nutrition revisited: a twelve-year retrospective on its nature and implications. Eur J Clin Nutr 1997; 51:207–216.
  • Wright S. The shifting balance theory and macroevolution. Annu Rev Genet 1982; 16:1–19.
  • Kaas JH, The evolution of the complex sensory and motor systems of the human brain. Brain Res Bull 2008; 75:384–390.
  • Kaas JH. Evolution of the neocortex. Curr Biol 2006; 16:R910–R914.
  • Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. The mirror-neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004; 27:169–192.
  • Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Raikkonen K, Ekelund J, Peltonen L. Nature and nurture in novelty seeking. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:308–311.
  • Keltikangas-Jarvinen L, Pulkki-Raback L, Elovainio M, Raitakari OT, Viikari J, Lehtimaki T. DRD2 C32806T modifies the effect of child-rearing environment on adulthood novelty seeking. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:389–394.
  • Janvier P. Craniata: animals with skulls. The Tree of Life Web Project. University of Arizona College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and University of Arizona Library, 1997. Available from URL: http://tolweb.org/
  • Shubin N. Your inner fish: a journey into the 3.5-billion-year history of the human body. New York: Pantheon, 2008.
  • MacLean PD. Evolutionary psychiatry and the triune brain. Psychol Med 1985; 15:219–221.
  • Radhakrishna S. From Purgatorius ceratops to Homo sapiens: primate evolutionary history. Resonance 2006; 11:51–60.
  • Clemens WA. Purgatorius, an early paromomyid primate (Mammalia). Science 1974; 184:903–905.
  • Sussman RW. Primate ecology and social structure, vol. 1: lorises, lemurs and tarsiers. Needham Heights, MA: Pearson Custom Publishing, 2003.
  • Sussman RW, Chapman AR. The origins and nature of sociality. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 2004.
  • Bekoff M. The emotional lives of animals. Novato, CA: New World Library, 2007.
  • Goodman M. The genomic record of humankind’s evolutionary roots. Am J Hum Genet 1999; 64:31–39.
  • Wood B, Collard M. The human genus. Science 1999; 284:65–71.
  • Lee SH, Wolpoff MH. Habiline variation: a new approach using STET. Theory Biosci 2005; 124:25–40.
  • Asfaw B, White T, Lovejoy O, Latimer B, Simpson S, Suwa G. Australopithecus garhi: a new species of early hominid from Ethiopia. Science 1999; 284:629–635.
  • Eccles JC. Evolution of the brain: creation of the self. London: Routledge, 1989.
  • Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee S-H, Wolpoff M. Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2000; 17:2–22.
  • Lewin R. Principles of human evolution. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science, 1993.
  • Mithen S. The prehistory of the mind: the cognitive origins of art, religion and science. London: Thames and Hudson, 1996.
  • Wiens F, Zitzmann A, Lachance MA . Chronic intake of fermented floral nectar by wild treeshrews. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:10 426–10 431.
  • Sussman RW, Andrianasolondraibe O, Soma T, Ichino I. Social behavior and aggression among ringtailed lemurs. Folia Primatol (Basel) 2003; 74:168–172.
  • Preston SD, De Waal FB. The communication of emotions and the possibility of empathy in animals. Post SG, Altruism and altruistic love. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002: 284–308.
  • Hawks J, Hunley K, Lee SH, Wolpoff M. Population bottlenecks and Pleistocene human evolution. Mol Biol Evol 2000; 17:2–22.
  • UCMP. University of California Museum of Paleontology Geology Wing. Berkeley, CA: University of California at Berkeley, 2009.
  • Bryant LJ, Clemens WA, Hutchison JH. Cretaceous–Tertiary dinosaur extinction. Science 1986; 234:1172–1173.
  • Clemens WA. Eocene and earlier deposits. Science 1982; 215:962–964.
  • Armstrong E. Relative brain size in monkeys and prosimians. Am J Phys Anthropol 2005; 66:263–273.
  • Badgley C, Barry JC, Morgan ME . Ecological changes in Miocene mammalian record show impact of prolonged climatic forcing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2008; 105:(12)145–12149.
  • Cerling TE, Harris JM, MacFadden BJ . Global vegetation change through the Miocene/Pliocene boundary. Nature 1997; 389:153–158.
  • Lee-Thorp JA, Sponheimer M, Luyt J. Tracking changing environments using stable carbon isotopes in fossil tooth enamel: an example from the South African hominin sites. J Hum Evol 2007; 53:595–601.
  • Sponheimer M, Lee-Thorp JA. Isotopic evidence for the diet of an early hominid, Australopithecus africanus. Science 1999; 283:368–370.
  • Sponheimer M, Lee-Thorp JA. Differential resource utilization by extant great apes and australopithecines: towards solving the C4 conundrum. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2003; 136:27–34.
  • Richards MP. A brief review of the archaeological evidence for Palaeolithic and Neolithic subsistence. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56:16 following1262.
  • Stanford CB. The hunting apes: meat eating and the origins of human behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001.
  • Richards MP, Schulting RJ, Hedges RE. Archaeology: sharp shift in diet at onset of Neolithic. Nature 2003; :425–366.
  • Raup DM, Sepkoski JJ Jr. Mass extinctions in the marine fossil record. Science 1982; 215:1501–1503.
  • Raup DM, Sepkoski JJ Jr, Stigler SM. Mass extinctions in the fossil record. Science 1983; 219:1240–1241.
  • Verhagen JV, Kadohisa M, Rolls ET. Primate insular/opercular taste cortex: neuronal representations of the viscosity, fat texture, grittiness, temperature, and taste of foods. J Neurophysiol 2004; 92:1685–1699.
  • Craig AD. Forebrain emotional asymmetry: a neuroanatomical basis? Trends Cogn Sci 2005; 9:566–571.
  • Deacon TW. The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: WW Norton, 1997.
  • Semendeferi K, Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Van Hoesen GW. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: a comparative study of area 10. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001; 114:224–241.
  • Stout D, Toth N, Schick K, Chaminade T. Neural correlates of early stone age tool-making: technology, language, and cognition in human evolution. Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci 2008; 363:1939–1949.
  • Stout D, Toth N, Schick K, Stout J, Hutchins L. Stone tool-making and brain activation: PET studies. J Archaeol Sci 2000; 27:1215–1223.
  • Nieuwenhuys R. The neocortex. An overview of its evolutionary development, structural organization and synaptology. Anat Embryol (Berl) 1994; 190:307–337.
  • Wersinger SR, Baum MJ. Sexually dimorphic processing of somatosensory and chemosensory inputs to forebrain luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone neurons in mated ferrets. Endocrinology 1997; 138:1121–1129.
  • Bowlby J. Attachment, 2nd New York: Basic Books, 1983.
  • Craig AD. Human feelings: why are some more aware than others? Trends Cogn Sci 2004; 8:239–241.
  • Craig AD. Emotional moments across time: a possible neural basis for time perception in the anterior insula. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009; 364:1933–1942.
  • McGeoch PD, Brang D, Ramachandran VS. Apraxia, metaphor and mirror neurons. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:1165–1168.
  • Ramachandran VS. A brief tour of consciousness. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pi Press, 2005.
  • Hauser MD, Chomsky N, Fitch WT. The faculty of language: what is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science 2002; 298:1569–1579.
  • Darwin C. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, 1st London: Murray, 1859.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.