Fatty Acid Mixture Counters Stress Changes in Cortisol, Cholesterol, and Impair Learning

References

• Balldin J., Blennow K., Brane G., Cottfries C. G., Karlsson l., Regland B., Wallin A. Relationship between mental impairment and HPA axis activity on dementia disorders. Dementia 1994; 5: 252–256
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bemelmans K. J., Goekoop J. G., van‐Kempen G. M. J. Recall performance in acutely depressed patients and plasma cortisol. Biological Psychiatry 1996; 39: 750–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnstiel S., List, Beck S. G. Chronic cortisol treatment maintains synaptic activity of CA1 hippocampal pyramidal cells: acute high cortisol administration increases action potential number. Synapse 1995; 20: 117–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorntrop P. Endocrine abnormalities of obesity. Metabolism 1995; 44: 21–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cella L. K., Van Cauter E., Scholler D. A. Diurnal rhythmicity of human cholesterol synthesis: normal pattern and adaptation to simulated “jet lag”. American Journal of Physiology 1995; 269: 489–498
   Google Scholar
• Craft S., Dagogo‐Jack S. E., Wiethop B. V., Murphy C., Nevins R. T., Fleischman S., Rice V., Newcomer J. W., Cryer P. E. Effects of hyperglycemia on memory and hormone levels in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a longitudinal study. Behavioral Neurosciences 1993; 107: 926–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRijk R., Michelson D., Karp B., Petrides J., Galliven E., Deuster P., Paciotti G., Gold P. W., Sternberg E. M. Exercise and circadian rhythm‐induced variations in plasma cortisol differently regulate interleukin‐1 beta (IL‐1 beta), IL‐6. and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF alpha) production in humans: high sensitivity of TNF alpha and resistance of IL‐6. Journal Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 1997; 82: 2182–2191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Padova F., Pozzl C., Tondre M. J., Tritapepe R. Selective and early increase of IL‐1 inhibitors, IL‐6 and cortisol after elective surgery. Clinical Experimental Immunology 1991; 85: 137–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ffrench‐Mullen J. M. Cortisol inhibition of calcium currents in guinea pig hippocampal CA1 neurons via G‐protein‐coupled activation of protein kinase. Clinical Neuroscience 1995; 15: 903–911
   Google Scholar
• Fiebich B. L., Huell M., Lieb K., Gyufko K., Berger M., Bauer J. Prostaglandin E2 induces interleukin‐6 synthesis in human astrocytoma cells. Journal of Neurochemistry 1997; 68: 704–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrikson M., Blumenthal J. A. Serum lipids, neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to stress in healthy Type A men. Biological Psychology 1992; 34: 45–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuhara K., Kvetnansky R., Weise V. K., Ohara H., Yoneda R., Goldstein D. S., Kopin I. J. Effects of continuous and intermittent cold (SART) stress on sympathoadrenal system activity in rats. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 1996; 8: 65–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gadient R. A., Oten U. H. Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) ‐ a molecule with both beneficial and destructive potentials. Progress in Neurobiology 1997; 52: 379–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfies C. G., Balldin J., Blennow K., Brane G., Karlsson I., Regland B., Wallin A. Hypothalamic dysfunction in dementia. Journal of Neural Transmission 1994; (S1)43: 203–209
   Google Scholar
• Gottfries C. G., Balldin J., Blennow K., Brane G., Karlsson I., Regland B., Wallin A. Regulation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary adrenal axis in dementia disorders. Annals of New York Academy of Science 1994; 746: 336–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassen A. H. S., Patchev V. K., Von Rosenstiel P., Holsboer F., Almeida O. F. X. Plasticity of Corticosteroid receptors during aging in the rat. FASEB Journal 1999; 13: 115–122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatzinger M. Z., Brun A., Hemmeter U., Seifritz E. B., Aumann F., Holsboer‐Trachsler E., Heuser I. J. Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal system function in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging 1995; 16: 205–209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbert J. Neurosteroids, brain damage and mental illness. Experimental Gerontology 1998; 33: 713–727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huberman M., Sredni B., Stern L., Kott E., Shalit F. IL‐2 and IL‐6 secretion in dementia: correlation with type and severity of disease. Journal of Neurological Sciences 1995; 130: 161–164
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huell M., Strauss S., Berger M., Volk B., Bauer J. The participation of interleukin‐6, a Mress‐inducible cytokine, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Behavioral Brain Research 1996; 78: 37–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikeda I., Wakamatsu K., Inayoshi A., Imaizumi K., Sugano M., Yazawa K. Alpha‐linolenic, eicospentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids affect lipid metabolism differently in rais. Journal of Nutrition 1994; 124: 1898–1906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joels M., de Kloet R. E. Mineralocorticoid and gluococorticoid receptors in brain. Implications for ion permeability and transmitter systems. Progress in Neurobiology 1994; 1–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loria R. M., Padgett D. A. a‐Linolenic acid prevents the hypercholestermic effects of cholesterol addition to a corn oil diet. Nutritional Biochemistry 1997; 8: 140–146
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupien S. J., deLeon M., de Santi S., Convit A., Tarshish C., Thakur M., McEwen B. S., Hauger R. L., Meaney M. J. Cortisol levels during human aging predict hippocampal atrophy and memory deficits. Nature Neurosciences 1998; 1: 69–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magari‐nos A. M., McEwen B. S., Flugge G., Fuchs E. Chronic psychosocial stress causes apical dendritic atrophy of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in subordinate treo shrews. Journal of Neuroscience 1996; 16: 3534–3540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massart‐Leen A. M., Burvenich C., Vandeputte‐Van‐Messom G., Hilderson H. Partial prostaglandin‐mediated mechanism controlling the release of cortisol in plasma after intravenous administration of endtoxins. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 1992; 9: 273–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastorakos G., Weber J. S., Magiakou M. A., Gunn H., Chrousos G. P. Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activation and stimulation of systemic vasopressin secretion by recombinant interleukin‐6 in humans: potential implications for the syndrome of inappropriate vasopressin secretion. Journal of Clinical. Endocrinology and Metabolism 1994; 79: 934–939
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLay R. N., Freeman S. M., Harlan R. E., Ide C. F., Kastin A. J., Zadina J. E. Aging in the hippocampus: interrelated actions of neurotrophins and glucocorticoids. Neuroscience and Behavioral Reviews 1997; 21: 615–629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondadori C., Ducret T., Hausler A. Elevated corticosteroid levels block the memory‐improving effects of nootropics and cholinomimetics. Psychopharmacology 1992; 108: 11–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer J. W., Craft S., Askins K., Hershey T., Bardgett M. E., Cscrnansky I. G., Gagliardi A. E., Volger G. Glucocorticoid interactions with memon function in schizophrenia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1998; 23: 65–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomer J. W., Craft S., Hershey T., Askins K., Bardgett M. E. Glucocorticoid induced impairment in declarative memory performance in adult humans. Journal of Neurosciences 1994; 14: 2047–2053
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Path G., Bornstein S. R., Ehrhart‐Bornstein M., Scherbaum W. A. Interleukin‐6 and the interleukin‐6 receptor in the human adrenal gland: expression and effects on steroidogenesis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 1997; 82: 2343–2349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peelers B. W., Broekkamp C. L. Involvement of corticosteroids in the processing of stressful life‐events. A possible implication for the development of depression. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry Molecular Biology 1994; 49: 417–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roder J. J. K., Roder J. C., Gerlai R. Memory and the effect of cold shock in the water maze in SlOOb transgenic mice. Physiology and Behavior 1996; 60: 611–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandi C., Loscertales M., Guaza C. Experience‐dependent facilitating effect of cortisol on spatial memory formation in the water maze. European Journal of Neuroscience 1997; 9: 637–642
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selye H. The Stress of Life. McGraw Hill, New York 1956
   Google Scholar
• Seeman T. E., McEwen B. S., Singer B. H., Albert M. S., Rowe J. W. Increase in urinary cortisol excretion and memory declines: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 1997; 82: 2458–2465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Servatius R. J., Ottenweller J. E., Natelson B. H. A comparision of the effects of repeated stressor exposures and cortisol injections on plasma cholesterol, thyroid hormones and cortisol levels in rats. Life Science 1994; 5: 611–1617
   Google Scholar
• Servatius R. J., Ottenweller J. E., Gross J. L., Natelson B. H. Persistent plasma cholesterol elevations are produced by one or three stressor exposures in rats fed a normal laboratory diet. Physiology and Behavior 1993; 53: 1101–1104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soszynski D., Kozak W., Conn C. A., Rudolph K., Kluger M. J. Beta‐adrenoceptor antagonists suppress elevation in body temperature and increase in plasma IL‐6 in rats exposed to open field. Neuroendoerinology 1996; 63: 459–467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spath‐Schwable E., Born J., Schrezenmeier H., Bornstein S. R., Stromeyer P., Drechsler S., Fehm H. L., Portzsolt F. Interleukin‐6 stimulates the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenocortical axis in man. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism 1994; 79: 1212–1214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkman M. N., Gebarski S. S., Berent S., Schteingart D. E. Hippocampal formation volume, memory dysfunction, and cortisol levels in patients with Cushing's syndrome. Biological Psychology 1992; 32: 756–765
   Google Scholar
• Stouthard J. M., Romijn J. A., Van der Poll T., Endert E., Klein S., Bakker P. J., Veenhof C. H., Sauerwein H. P. Endocrinologic and metabolic effects of interleukin‐6 in humans. American Journal of Physiology 1995; 268: 813–819
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suarez E. C., Williams R. B., Kuhn C. M., Zimmerman E. A., Schanberg S. M. Biobehavioral basis of coronary‐prone behavior in middle‐aged men: II. Serum cholesterol, the Type A behavior pattern, and hostility as interactive modulators of physiological Reactivity. Psychosomatic‐Medicine 1991; 53: 528–537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swaab D. F., Raadsheer F. C., Endert E., Hofman M. A., Kamphorst W., Ravid R. Increased cortisol levels in aging and Alzheimer's disease in postmortem cerebrospinal fluid. Journal of Neuroendocrinology 1994; 6: 681–687
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szuran T., Zimmermann E., Welzl H. Water maze performance and hip‐pocarnpal weight of prenatally stressed rats. Behavioral Brain Research 1994; 65: 153–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uno H., Eisele S., Sakai A., Shelton S., Baker E., DeJesus O., Holden J. Neurotoxicity of glucocorticoids in the primate brain. Hormone and Behavior 1994; 28: 336–348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma V. K., Rushing J. T., Ettinger W. H., Jr. High density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with serum cortisol in older people. Journal of American Geriatric Society 1995; 43: 1345–1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber M. M., Michl P., Auernhammer C. J., Engelhardt D. Interleukin‐3 and interleukin‐6 stimulate cortisol secretion from adult human adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 1997; 138: 2207–2210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamauchi‐Takihara K., Ihara Y., Ogata A., Yoshizaki K., Azuma J., Kishimoto T. Hypoxic stress induces cardiac myocyte‐derived interleukin‐6. Circulation 1995; 91: 1520–1524
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Brandys Y., Mostofsky D. I., Blumenfeld A. Essential fatty acid preparation reduces cholesterol and fatty acids in rat cortex. International Journal of Neuroscience 1996; 86: 249–256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Carasso R. L. Modulation of learning, pain thresholds, and thermoregulation in the rat by preparations of free purified α‐linolenic and linoleic acids: determination of optimal n—3 to n—6 ratio. Proceeding of National Academy of Science USA 1993; 90: 10345–10349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Carasso R. L., Mostofsky D. I. Essential fatty acid preparation(SR‐3) raises Ihe seizure threshold in rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 1994; 254: 193–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Carasso R. L., Mostofsky D. I. Essential fatty acid preparation (SR‐3) rehabilitates learning deficits induced by AF64A and 5,7‐DHT. Neuroreport 1995; 6: 511–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Mostofsky D. I., Huberman M., Carasso R. L., Sredni B. Essential fatty acid preparation improves biochemical and cognitive functions in EAE rats. European Journal of Pharmacology 1997; 328: 23–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Mostofsky D. I. Effects of essential fatty acids preparation (SR‐3) on brain biochemistry and on behavioral and cognitive functions. Handbook of Essential Fattv Acids Biology: Biochemistry, Physiology, and Behavioral Neurobiology, S. Yehuda, D. I. Mostofsky. Humane Press, New York 1997; 427–452
   Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Rabinovitz S., Mostofsky D. I. Modulation of learning and neuronal membrane composition in the rat by essential fatty acids preparation: Time course analysis. Neurochemistry Research 1998; 23: 631–638
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yehuda S., Rabinovilz S., Carasso R. L., Mostofsky D. I. Fatly adds and brain peptides. Peptides 1998; 19: 407–419
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D., Kusnecov A. W., Shurin M. R., Depaoli M., Rabin B. S. Exposure to physical and psychological stressors elevates plasma interleukin 6: relationship to the activation of hypcthalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis. Endocrinology 1993; 133: 2523–2530
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou D., Shanks N., Reichman S. E., Liang R., Kusnecov A. W., Rabin B. S. 1Interleukin‐6 modulates interleukin‐1‐and stress‐induced activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in male rats. Neuroendocrinology 1996; 63: 227–236
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu G. F., Chancellor‐Freeland C., Berman A. S., Kage R., Leeman S. E., Beller D. I., Black P. H. Endogenous substance P mediates cold water stress‐induced increase in interleukin‐6 secretion from peritoneal macrophages. Journal of Neuroscience 1996; 16: 3745–3752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar