Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease

REFERENCES

• Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:368–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Yamanishi T, Shirai K, Hattori T. Bladder and bowel dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 2008;115:443–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinazzi M, Del Vesco C, Fincati E, Ottaviani S, Smania N, Moretto G, Fiaschi A, Martino D, Defazio G. Pain and motor complications in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006;77:822–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarsland D, Tandberg E, Largsen JP, Cummings JL. Frequency of dementia in Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol. 1996;53:538–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Biggins CA, Boyd JL, Harrop FA, Madeley P, Mindham RH, Randall JI, Spokes EG. A controlled, longitudinal study of dementia in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1992;55:566–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buter TC, van den Hout A, Matthews FE, Larsen JP, Brayne C, Aarsland D. Dementia and survival in Parkinson disease: a 12-year population study. Neurology. 2008;70:1017–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel O, Klotsche J, Spottke A, Deuschl G, Forstl H, Henn F, Heuser I, Oertel W, Reichmann H, Riederer P, Trenkwalder C, Dodel R, Wittchen HU. Cognitive impairment in 873 patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Results from the German Study on Epidemiology of Parkinson's Disease with Dementia (GEPAD). J Neurol. 2008;255:255–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid WG, Hely MA, Morris JG, Loy C, Halliday GM. Dementia in Parkinson's disease: a 20-year neuropsychological study (Sydney Multicentre Study). J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2011;82:1033–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hely MA, Reid WGJ, Adena MA, Halliday GM, Morris JGL. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson's disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 2008;23:837–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubois B, Burn D, Goetz C, Aarsland D, Brown RG, Broe GA, Dickson D, Duyckaerts C, Cummings J, Gauthier S, Korczyn A, Lees A, Levy R, Litvan I, Mizuno Y, McKeith IG, Olanow W, Poewe W, Sampaio C, Tolosa E, Emre M. Diagnostic procedures for Parkinson's disease dementia: recommendations from the movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord. 2007;22:2314–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tröster AI. Neuropsychological characteristics of Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia: differentiation, early detection, and implications for “Mild Cognitive Impairment” and biomarkers. Neuropsychol Rev. 2008;18:103–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrer I. Neuropathology and neurochemistry of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons Dis. 2011 Feb 17;2011:708404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliday G, Hely M, Reid W, Morris J. The progression of pathology in longitudinally followed patients with Parkinson's disease Acta Neuropathol. 2008;115:409–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emre M, Aarsland D, Albanese A, Byrne EJ, Deuschl G, De Deyn PP, Durif F, Kulisevsky J, van Laar T, Lees A, Poewe W, Robillard A, Rosa MM, Wolters E, Quarg P, Tekin S, Lane R. Rivastigmine for dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:2509–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caviness JN, Lue LF, Beach TG, Hentz JG, Adler CH, Sue L, Sadeghi R, Driver-Dunckley E, Evidente VG, Sabbagh MN, Shill HA, Walker DG. Parkinson's disease, cortical dysfunction, and alpha-synuclein. Mov Disord. 2011 May 3. doi: 10.1002/mds.23697. [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Aarsland D, Laake K, Larsen JP, Janvin C. Donepezil for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: a randomized controlled study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;72:708–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leroi I, Brandt J, Reich SG, Lyketsos CG, Grill S, Thompson R, Marsh L. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of donepezil in cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2004;19:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravina B, Putt M, Siderowf A, Farrar JT, Gillespie M, Crawley A, Fernandez HH, Trieschmann MM, Reichwein S, Simuni T. Donepezil for dementia in Parkinson's disease: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:934–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poewe W, Wolters E, Emre M, Onofrj M, Hsu C, Tekin S, Lane R; EXPRESS Investigators. Long-term benefits of rivastigmine in dementia associated with Parkinson's disease: an active treatment extension study. Mov Disord. 2006;21:456–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wesnes KA, McKeith I, Edgar C, Emre M, Lane R. Benefits of rivastigmine on attention in dementia associated with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2005;65:1654–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurevich TY, Shabtai H, Korczyn AD, Simon ES, Giladi N. Effect of rivastigmine on tremor in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia. Mov Disord. 2006;21:1663–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson DG, Passmore AP, Bullock R, van Baelen B, Schwalen S. A multinational, randomised, 12-week, comparative study of donepezil and rivastigmine in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. Int J Clin Pract. 2002;56:441–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seeman P, Caruso C, Lasaga M. Memantine agonist action at dopamine D2High receptors. Synapse. 2008 Feb;62(2): 149–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenelon G, Soulas T, Zenasni F, Cleret de Langavant L. The changing face of Parkinson's disease-associated psychosis: a cross-sectional study based on the new NINDS-NIMH criteria. Mov Disord. 2010;25(6):763–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel O, Klotsche J, Spottke A, Deuschl G, Förstl H, Henn F, Heuser I, Oertel W, Reichmann H, Riederer P, Trenkwalder C, Dodel R, Wittchen HU. Frequency of dementia, depression, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms in 1,449 outpatients with Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2010;257(7):1073–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Mortality and hallucinations in nursing home patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1995;45:669–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Stebbins GT. Risk factors for nursing home placement in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 1993;43:2227–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravina B, Marder K, Fernandez HH, Friedman JH, McDonald W, Murphy D, Aarsland D, Babcock D, Cummings J, Endicott J, Factor S, Galpern W, Lees A, Marsh L, Stacy M, Gwinn-Hardy K, Voon V, Goetz C. Diagnostic criteria for psychosis in Parkinson's disease: report of an NIND, NIMH work group. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1061–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz CG, Fan W, Leurgans S, Bernard B, Stebbins GT. The malignant course of “benign hallucinations” in Parkinson's Disease. Arch Neurol. 2006;63(5):713–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goetz CG, Vogel C, Tanner CM, Stebbins GT. Early dopaminergic drug-induced hallucinations in parkinsonian patients. Neurology. 1998;51:811–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiziltan G, Ozekmekçi S, Ertan S, Ertan T, Erginöz E. Relationship between age and subtypes of psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol. 2007;254(4):448–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy M. Managing late complications of Parkinson's disease. Med Clin N Am. 1999;83:469–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weintraub D, Hurtig HI: Presentation and management of psychosis in Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. Am J Psychiatry. 2007;164:1491–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy M. Recognizing and treating nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. CNS Spectrums. 1998;3:41–5.
   Google Scholar
• Zahodne LB, Fernandez HH. Parkinson's psychosis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2010;12:200–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Parkinson's disease study group. Low-dose clozapine for the treatment of durg-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(10):757–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pollak P, Tison F, Rascol O, Destée A, Péré JJ, Senard JM, Durif F, Bourdeix I. Clozapine in drug induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease: a randomized, placebo controlled study with open follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2004;75(5):689–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merims D, Balas M, Peretz C, Shabtai H, Giladi N. Rater-blinded, prospective comparison: quetiapine versus clozapine for Parkinson's disease psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006;29(6):331–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein C, Prokhorov T, Miniovich A, Dobronevsky E, Rabey JM. Long-term follow-up (24 months) of quetiapine treatment in drug-induced Parkinson disease psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2006 Jul-Aug;29(4):215–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda S, Koyama K, Okubo Y. Marked improvement of psychotic symptoms after electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson disease. J ECT. 2010;26(2):111–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara JM, Stacy M. Impulse control disorders and Parkinson's disease. CNS Spectrums. 2008;13:690–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antonini A, Siri C, Santangelo G, Cilia R, Poletti M, Canesi M, Caporali A, Mancini F, Pezzoli G, Ceravolo R, Bonuccelli U, Barone P. Impulsivity and compulsivity in drug-naive patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2011;26:464–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galpern WR, Stacy M. Management of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2007;9:189–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ardouin C, Voon V, Worbe Y, Abouazar N, Czernecki V, Hosseini H, Pelissolo A, Moro E, Lhommée E, Lang AE, Agid Y, Benabid AL, Pollak P, Mallet L, Krack P. Pathological gambling in Parkinson's disease improves on chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation. Mov Disord. 2006 Nov;21(11): 1941–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reijnders JSAM, Ehrt U, Weber WEJ, Aarsland D, Leentjens AFG. A systematic review of prevalence studies of depression in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23:183–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarsland D, Bronnick K, Ehrt U, De Deyn PP, Tekin S, Emre M, Cummings JL. Neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease and dementia: frequency, profile and associated care giver stress. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyasaki JM, Shannon K, Voon V, Ravina B, Kleiner-Fisman G, Anderson K, Shulman LM, Gronseth G, Weiner WJ; Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Practice parameter: evaluation and treatment of depression, psychosis, and dementia in Parkinson disease (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006;66:996–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt-Christensen M, Kvist K, Nilsson FM, Andersen PK, Kessing LV. Treatment with antiparkinson and antidepressant drugs: a register-based, pharmaco-epidemiological study. Mov Disord. 2007;22:2037–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Antonini A, Colosimo C, Marconi R, Morgante L, Barone P; PRIAMO studygroup. The PRIAMO study: background, methods and recruitment. Neurol Sci. 2008;29(2):61–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dell'Angnello G, Ceravalo R, Nuti A, Bellini G, Piccinni A, D'Avino C, Dell'Osso L, Bonuccelli U. SSRIs do not worsen Parkinson's disease: evidence from an open-label, prospective study. Clin Neuropharmacol. 2001;24:221–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leentjens AF. The role of dopamine agonists in the treatment of depression in patients with Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Drugs. 2011;71:273–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy M, Bowron A, Guttman M, Hauser R, Hughes K, Larsen JP, Lewitt P, Oertel W, Quinn N, Sethi K, Stocchi F. Identification of motor and non-motor wearing-off in Parkinson's disease: Comparison of a patient questionnaire versus a clinician assessment. Mov Disord. 2005;20:726–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy M, Hauser R, Wearing Off Study Group. Development of a wearing-off patient questionnaire to facilitate recognition of the motor and non-motor symptoms of wearing-off in Parkinson's disease. J Neural Transm. 2007;114: 211–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borek LL, Amick MM, Friedman JH, Non-motor aspects of Parkinson's disease. CNS Spectr. 2006;11:541–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varanese S, Perfetti B, Ghilardi MF, Di Rocco A. Apathy, but not depression, reflects inefficient cognitive strategies in Parkinson's disease. PLoS One. 2011 Mar 18;6(3):e17846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stacy, M. Sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease: epidemiology and management. Drugs Aging. 2002;19:733–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Hilten B, Hoff JI, Huub AM. Sleep disruption in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol. 1995;51:922–8.
   Google Scholar
• Nausieda PA, Weiner WJ, Kaplan LR, Weber S, Klawans HL. Sleep disruption in the course of chronic levodopa therapy: an early feature of the levodopa psychosis. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1982;5:183–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verban D, van Rooden SM, Visser M, Marinus J, van Hilten JJ. Nighttime sleep problems and daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23:35–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Comella CL, Tanner CM, Ristanovic RL. Polysomnographic sleep measures in Parkinson's disease patients with treatment induced hallucinations. Ann Neurol. 1993;34:710–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frucht S, Rogers JD, Greene PE, Gordon MF, Fahn S. Falling asleep at the wheel: motor vehicle mishaps in persons taking pramipexole and ropinirole. Neurology. 1999;52:1908–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser RA, Gauger L, Anderson WM, Zesiewicz TA. Pramipexole induced somnolence and sleep episodes of daytime sleep. Mov Disord. 2000;15:658–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler CH, Caviness JN, Hentz JG, Lind M, Tiede J. Randomized trial of modafinil for treating subjective daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2003;18:287–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondo WG, Fayle R, Atassi F, Jankovic J. Modafinil for daytime somnolence in Parkinson's disease: double blind, placebo controlled parallel trial. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76:1636–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondo WG, Perkins T, Swick T, Hull KL Jr, Jimenez JE, Garris TS, Pardi D. Sodium oxybate for excessive daytime sleepiness in Parkinson disease: an open-label polysomnographic study. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1337–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verbaan D, Marinus J, Visser M, van Rooden SM, Stiggelbout AM, van Hilten JJ. Patient-reported autonomic symptoms in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;69:333–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards L, Quigley EM, Hofman R, Pfeiffer RF. Gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson's disease: an 18-month follow-up study. Mov Disord. 1993;8:83–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wullner U, Schmitz-Hubsch T, Antony G, Fimmersa R, Spottkea A, Oertel WH, Deuschl G, Klockgether T, Eggert K; on behalf of the KNP. Autonomic dysfunction in 3414 Parkinson's disease patients enrolled in the German Network on Parkinson's disease: the effect of aging. Eur J Neurol. 2007;14:1405–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers SE, Kempster PA, Law PJ, Frankel JP, Bartram CI, Lees AJ, Stern GM, Swash M. Anal sphincter dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Arch Neurol. 1989;46:1061–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cersosimo MG, Benarroch EE. Neural control of the gastrointestinal tract: implications for Parkinson disease. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1065–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzmaurice H, Fowler CJ, Rickards D, Kirby RS, Quinn NP, Marsden CD, Milroy EJG, Turner-Warwick RT. Micturition disturbance in Parkinson's disease. Br J Urol. 1985;57:652–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ransmayr GN, Holliger S, Schletterer K, Heidler H, Deibl M, Poewe W, Madersbacher H, Kiss G. Lower urinary tract symptoms in dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008;70:299–303.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakakibara R, Uchiyama T, Yamanishi T, Kishi M. Genitourinary dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2010;25:2–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bronner G, Royter V, Korczyn AD, Gilaldi N. Sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. J Sex Marital Ther. 2004;30:95–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann H. The discovery of the pressor effect of DOPS and its blunting by decarboxylase inhibitors. J Neural Transm Suppl. 2006;(70):477–84.
   Google Scholar
• Eichhorn TE, Oertel WH. Macrogol 3350/electrolyte improves constipation in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Mov Disord. 2001;16:1176–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degen L, Petrig C, Studer D, Schroller S, Beglinger C. Effect of tegaserod on gut transit in male and female subjects. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005;17:821–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan KL, Staffetti JF, Hauser RA, Dunne PB, Zesiewicz TA. Tegaserod (Zelnorm) for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2006;21:115–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zangaglia R, Martignoni E, Glorioso M, Ossola M, Riboldazzi G, Calandrella D, Brunetti G, Pacchetti C. Macrogol for the treatment of constipation in Parkinson's disease. A randomized placebo-controlledstudy. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1239–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kapoor S. Management of constipation in the elderly: emerging therapeutic strategies. World J Gastroenterol. 2008;14(33):5226–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brusa L, Petta F, Pisani A, Moschella V, Iani C, Stanzione P, Miano R, Finazzi-Agro E. Acute vs chronic effects of l-dopa on bladder function in patients with mild Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;68:1455–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunton S, Kuritzky L. Recent developments in the management of overactive bladder: focus on the efficacy and tolerability of once daily solifenacin succinate 5 mg. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21:71–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouslander JG. Management of overactive bladder. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:786–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussain IF, Brady CM, Swinn MJ, Mathias CJ, Fowler CJ. Treatment of erectile dysfunction with sildenafil citrate (Viagra) in parkinsonism due to Parkinson's disease or multiple system atrophy with observations on orthostatic hypotension. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2001;71:371–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uc EY, Rizzo M, Anderson SW, Qian S, Rodnitzky RL, Dawson JD. Visual dysfunction in Parkinson disease without dementia. Neurology. 2005;65:1907–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biousse V, Skibell BC, Watts RL, Loupe DN, Drews-Botsch C, Newman NJ. Ophthalmologic features of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2004;62:177–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sartucci F, Orlandi G, Lucetti C, Bonuccelli U, Murri L, Orsini C, Porciatti V. Changes in pattern electroretinograms to equiluminant red-green and blue-yellow gratings in patients with early Parkinson's disease. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2003;20:375–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rascol O, Clanet M, Montastruc JL, Simonetta M, Soulier-Esteve MJ, Doyon B, Rascol A. Abnormal ocular movements in Parkinson's disease: evidence for involvement of dopaminergic systems. Brain. 1989;112:1193–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood AJ, Amador SC, Cain AE, Briand KA, Al-Refai AH, Schiess MC, Sereno AB. Levodopa slows prosaccades and improves antisaccades: an eye movement study in Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007;78:565–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidsdottir S, Cronin-Golomb A, Lee A. Visual and spatial symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Vision Res. 2005;45:1285–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamey W, Davidson A, Jankovic J. Shoulder pain: a presenting symptom of Parkinson disease. J Clin Rheumatol. 2008;14:253–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Defazio G, Berardelli A, Fabbrini G, Martino D, Fincati E, Fiaschi A, Moretto G, Abbruzzese G, Marchese R, Bonuccelli U, Del Dotto P, Barone P, De Vivo E, Albanese A, Antonini A, Canesi M, Lopiano L, Zibetti M, Nappi G, Martignoni E, Lamberti P, Tinazzi M. Pain as a nonmotor symptom of Parkinson disease: evidence from a case-control study. Arch Neurol. 2008;65:1191–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nègre-Pagès L, Regragui W, Bouhassira D, Grandjean H, Rascol O; DoPaMiP Study Group. Chronic pain in Parkinson's disease: the cross-sectional French DoPaMiP survey. Mov Disord. 2008;23:1361–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schestatsky P, Kumru H, Valls-Solé J, Valldeoriola F, Marti MJ, Tolosa E, Chaves ML. Neurophysiologic study of central pain in patients with Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2007;69:2162–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ondo WG, Vuong DK, Jankovic J. Exploring the relationship between Parkinson's disease and restless legs syndrome. Arch Neurol. 2002;59:421–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Esteban JC, Zarranz JJ, Tijero B, Zarranz JJ, González C, Bilbao G, Lambarri I, Rodríguez O, Garibi J. Restless legs syndrome in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1912–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar