431
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Atherosclerosis, biomarkers of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease

, , , , &
Pages 1-11 | Received 11 Mar 2013, Accepted 30 Jun 2013, Published online: 06 Aug 2013

References

  • Brookmeyer R, Gray S, Kawas C. Projections of Alzheimer's disease in the United States and the public health impact of delaying disease onset. Am J Public Health 1998;88(9):1337–42. Epub 1998/09/16.
  • Selkoe DJ. Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of Alzheimer's disease. Annu Rev Cell Biol 1994;10:373–403. Epub 1994/01/01.
  • Teunissen CE, Lutjohann D, von Bergmann K, Combination of serum markers related to several mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2003;24(7):893–902. Epub 2003/08/21.
  • Solfrizzi V, D'Introno A, Colacicco AM, Circulating biomarkers of cognitive decline and dementia. Clin Chim Acta 2006;364(1–2):91–112. Epub 2005/09/06.
  • Milionis HJ, Florentin M, Giannopoulos S. Metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer's disease: a link to a vascular hypothesis? CNS Spectr 2008;13(7):606–13. Epub 2008/07/16.
  • Vagelatos NT, Eslick GD. Type 2 diabetes as a risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease: the confounders, interactions, and neuropathology associated with this relationship. Epidemiol Rev 2013;35(1):152–60.
  • Strachan MW. R D Lawrence Lecture 2010. The brain as a target organ in Type 2 diabetes: exploring the links with cognitive impairment and dementia. Diabet Med 2011;28(2):141–7. Epub 2011/01/12.
  • Lu FP, Lin KP, Kuo HK. Diabetes and the risk of multi-system aging phenotypes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2009;4(1): e4144. Epub 2009/01/08.
  • Profenno LA, Porsteinsson AP, Faraone SV. Meta-analysis of Alzheimer's disease risk with obesity, diabetes, and related disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2010;67(6):505–12. Epub 2009/04/11.
  • Yaffe K, Blackwell T, Whitmer RA, Glycosylated hemoglobin level and development of mild cognitive impairment or dementia in older women. J Nutr Health Aging 2006; 10(4):293–5. Epub 2006/08/04.
  • Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, Patel B, Relation of diabetes to mild cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2007;64(4):570–5. Epub 2007/04/11.
  • Cheng D, Noble J, Tang MX, Type 2 diabetes and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2011;31(6):424–30. Epub 2011/07/16.
  • Tripathi M, Vibha D, Gupta P, Risk factors of dementia in North India: a case-control study. Aging Ment Health 2012;16(2):228–35. Epub 2011/07/01.
  • Cheng G, Huang C, Deng H, Wang H. Diabetes as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Intern Med J 2012;42(22372522): 484–91.
  • Wang KC, Woung LC, Tsai MT, Risk of Alzheimer's disease in relation to diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Neuroepidemiology 2012;38(4):237–44. Epub 2012/05/11.
  • Bartl J, Monoranu CM, Wagner AK, Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: two diseases, one common link? World J Biol Psychiatry 2013;14(3):233–40. Epub 2012/02/16.
  • Whitmer RA, Sidney S, Selby J, Midlife cardiovascular risk factors and risk of dementia in late life. Neurology 2005;64(2):277–81. Epub 2005/01/26.
  • Biessels GJ, Deary IJ, Ryan CM. Cognition and diabetes: a lifespan perspective. Lancet Neurol 2008;7(2):184–90. Epub 2008/01/22.
  • Graves AB, van Duijn CM, Chandra V, Alcohol and tobacco consumption as risk factors for Alzheimer's disease: a collaborative re-analysis of case-control studies. EURODEM Risk Factors Research Group. Int J Epidemiol 1991;20 (Suppl 2):S48–S57. Epub 1991/01/01.
  • Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, Laakso MP, Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 2002;137(3):149–55. Epub 2002/08/06.
  • Launer LJ, Ross GW, Petrovitch H, Midlife blood pressure and dementia: the Honolulu-Asia aging study. Neurobiol Aging 2000;21(1):49–55. Epub 2000/05/05.
  • Gustafson D, Rothenberg E, Blennow K, An 18-year follow-up of overweight and risk of Alzheimer disease. Arch Intern Med 2003;163(13):1524–8. Epub 2003/07/16.
  • Kivipelto M, Ngandu T, Fratiglioni L, Obesity and vascular risk factors at midlife and the risk of dementia and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2005;62(10):1556–60. Epub 2005/10/12.
  • Whitmer RA, Gustafson DR, Barrett-Connor E, Central obesity and increased risk of dementia more than three decades later. Neurology 2008;71(14):1057–64. Epub 2008/03/28.
  • Fitzpatrick AL, Kuller LH, Lopez OL, Midlife and late-life obesity and the risk of dementia: cardiovascular health study. Arch Neurol 2009;66(3):336–42. Epub 2009/03/11.
  • Yaffe K, Barrett-Connor E, Lin F, Grady D. Serum lipoprotein levels, statin use, and cognitive function in older women. Arch Neurol 2002;59(3):378–84. Epub 2002/03/14.
  • Launer LJ. Demonstrating the case that AD is a vascular disease: epidemiologic evidence. Ageing Res Rev 2002; 1(1):61–77. Epub 2002/06/01.
  • Razay G, Vreugdenhil A, Wilcock G. The metabolic syndrome and Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2007;64(1):93–6. Epub 2007/01/11.
  • Yaffe K, Weston AL, Blackwell T, Krueger KA. The metabolic syndrome and development of cognitive impairment among older women. Arch Neurol 2009;66(3):324–8. Epub 2009/03/11.
  • Watts AS, Loskutova N, Burns JM, Johnson DK. Metabolic syndrome and cognitive decline in early Alzheimer's disease and healthy older adults. J Alzheimers Dis 2013;35 (23388170):253–65.
  • Solfrizzi V, Scafato E, Capurso C, Metabolic syndrome, mild cognitive impairment, and progression to dementia. The Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurobiol Aging 2011;32(11):1932–41. Epub 2010/01/05.
  • Curb JD, Rodriguez BL, Abbott RD, Longitudinal association of vascular and Alzheimer's dementias, diabetes, and glucose tolerance. Neurology 1999;52(5):971–5. Epub 1999/04/02.
  • Kilander L, Boberg M, Lithell H. Peripheral glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1993;87(4):294–8. Epub 1993/04/01.
  • Tatemichi TK, Paik M, Bagiella E, Risk of dementia after stroke in a hospitalized cohort: results of a longitudinal study. Neurology 1994;44(10):1885–91. Epub 1994/10/01.
  • Mielke MM, Zandi PP, Sjogren M, High total cholesterol levels in late life associated with a reduced risk of dementia. Neurology 2005;64(10):1689–95. Epub 2005/05/25.
  • Tan ZS, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Plasma total cholesterol level as a risk factor for Alzheimer disease: the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med 2003;163(9):1053–7. Epub 2003/05/14.
  • Hofman A, Ott A, Breteler MM, Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam Study. Lancet 1997;349 (9046):151–4. Epub 1997/01/18.
  • de-Andrade FM, Larrandaburu M, Callegari-Jacques SM, Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism with plasma lipids and Alzheimer's disease in a Southern Brazilian population. Braz J Med Biol Res 2000;33(5):529–37. Epub 2000/04/25.
  • Sparks DL, Scheff SW, Hunsaker JC, 3rd, Induction of Alzheimer-like beta-amyloid immunoreactivity in the brains of rabbits with dietary cholesterol. Exp Neurol 1994;126(1): 88–94. Epub 1994/03/01.
  • Simons M, Keller P, De Strooper B, Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95(11):6460–4. Epub 1998/05/30.
  • Pappolla MA, Bryant-Thomas TK, Herbert D, Mild hypercholesterolemia is an early risk factor for the development of Alzheimer amyloid pathology. Neurology 2003;61(2):199–205. Epub 2003/07/23.
  • Matsuzaki T, Sasaki K, Hata J, Association of Alzheimer disease pathology with abnormal lipid metabolism: the Hisayama Study. Neurology 2011;77(11):1068–75. Epub 2011/09/14.
  • Notkola IL, Sulkava R, Pekkanen J, Serum total cholesterol, apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele, and Alzheimer's disease. Neuroepidemiology 1998;17(1):14–20. Epub 1998/ 04/29.
  • Jarvik GP, Wijsman EM, Kukull WA, Interactions of apolipoprotein E genotype, total cholesterol level, age, and sex in prediction of Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Neurology 1995;45(6):1092–6. Epub 1995/06/01.
  • Evans RM, Emsley CL, Gao S, Serum cholesterol, APOE genotype, and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: a population-based study of African Americans. Neurology 2000; 54(1):240–2. Epub 2000/01/15.
  • Puglielli L, Tanzi RE, Kovacs DM. Alzheimer's disease: the cholesterol connection. Nat Neurosci 2003;6(4):345–51. Epub 2003/03/27.
  • Solomon A, Kivipelto M, Wolozin B, Midlife serum cholesterol and increased risk of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia three decades later. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;28(1):75–80. Epub 2009/08/04.
  • Park SH, Kim JH, Choi KH, Hypercholesterolemia accelerates amyloid beta-induced cognitive deficits. Int J Mol Med 2013;31(3):577–82. Epub 2013/01/15.
  • Helzner EP, Luchsinger JA, Scarmeas N, Contribution of vascular risk factors to the progression in Alzheimer disease. Arch Neurol 2009;66(3):343–8. Epub 2009/03/11.
  • Ramdane S, Daoudi-Gueddah D. Mild hypercholesterolemia, normal plasma triglycerides, and normal glucose levels across dementia staging in Alzheimer's disease: a clinical setting-based retrospective study. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2011;26(21715465):399–405.
  • Kalmijn S, Foley D, White L, Metabolic cardiovascular syndrome and risk of dementia in Japanese-American elderly men. The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20(10):2255–60. Epub 2000/10/14.
  • Singh-Manoux A, Gimeno D, Kivimaki M, Low HDL cholesterol is a risk factor for deficit and decline in memory in midlife: the Whitehall II study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008;28(8):1556–62. Epub 2008/07/02.
  • Romas SN, Tang MX, Berglund L, Mayeux R. APOE genotype, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and AD in community elderly. Neurology 1999;53(3):517–21. Epub 1999/08/17.
  • Kuusisto J, Koivisto K, Mykkanen L, Association between features of the insulin resistance syndrome and Alzheimer's disease independently of apolipoprotein E4 phenotype: cross sectional population based study. BMJ 1997; 315(7115):1045–9. Epub 1997/11/21.
  • Reitz C, Tang MX, Luchsinger J, Mayeux R. Relation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Neurol 2004;61(5):705–14. Epub 2004/05/19.
  • Shepardson NE, Shankar GM, Selkoe DJ. Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: II. Review of human trials and recommendations. Arch Neurol 2011;68(11):1385–92. Epub 2011/11/16.
  • Shepardson NE, Shankar GM, Selkoe DJ. Cholesterol level and statin use in Alzheimer disease: I. Review of epidemiological and preclinical studies. Arch Neurol 2011;68(10):1239–44. Epub 2011/10/12.
  • Hoshino T, Kamino K, Matsumoto M. Gene dose effect of the APOE-epsilon4 allele on plasma HDL cholesterol level in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2002;23(1):41–5. Epub 2002/01/05.
  • Merched A, Xia Y, Visvikis S, Decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and serum apolipoprotein AI concentrations are highly correlated with the severity of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2000;21(1):27–30. Epub 2000/ 05/05.
  • Bonarek M, Barberger-Gateau P, Letenneur L, Relationships between cholesterol, apolipoprotein E polymorphism and dementia: a cross-sectional analysis from the PAQUID study. Neuroepidemiology 2000;19(3):141–8. Epub 2000/03/08.
  • Kuriyama M, Takahashi K, Yamano T, Low levels of serum apolipoprotein A I and A II in senile dementia. Jpn J Psychiatry Neurol 1994;48(3):589–93. Epub 1994/09/01.
  • Raygani AV, Rahimi Z, Kharazi H, Association between apolipoprotein E polymorphism and serum lipid and apolipoprotein levels with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 2006;408(1):68–72. Epub 2006/09/26.
  • Mulder M, Ravid R, Swaab DF, Reduced levels of cholesterol, phospholipids, and fatty acids in cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer disease patients are not related to apolipoprotein E4. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1998;12(3):198–203. Epub 1998/10/15.
  • Fagan AM, Younkin LH, Morris JC, Differences in the Abeta40/Abeta42 ratio associated with cerebrospinal fluid lipoproteins as a function of apolipoprotein E genotype. Ann Neurol 2000;48(2):201–10. Epub 2000/08/12.
  • Fassbender K, Stroick M, Bertsch T, Effects of statins on human cerebral cholesterol metabolism and secretion of Alzheimer amyloid peptide. Neurology 2002;59(8):1257–8. Epub 2002/10/23.
  • Lesser GT, Haroutunian V, Purohit DP, Serum lipids are related to Alzheimer's pathology in nursing home residents. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009;27(1):42–9. Epub 2009/01/09.
  • Lutjohann D, Breuer O, Ahlborg G, Cholesterol homeostasis in human brain: evidence for an age-dependent flux of 24S-hydroxycholesterol from the brain into the circulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996;93(18):9799–804. Epub 1996/09/03.
  • Biere AL, Ostaszewski B, Stimson ER, Amyloid beta-peptide is transported on lipoproteins and albumin in human plasma. J Biol Chem 1996;271(51):32916–22. Epub 1996/12/20.
  • Carlsson CM, Gleason CE, Hess TM, Effects of simvastatin on cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognition in middle-aged adults at risk for Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2008;13(2):187–97. Epub 2008/04/01.
  • Crisby M. The role of pleiotropic effects of statins in dementia. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 2006;185:115–8. Epub 2006/07/27.
  • Barone E, Cenini G, Di Domenico F, Long-term high-dose atorvastatin decreases brain oxidative and nitrosative stress in a preclinical model of Alzheimer disease: a novel mechanism of action. Pharmacol Res 2011;63(21193043): 172–80.
  • McGuinness B, Craig D, Bullock R, Passmore P. Statins for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(2):CD003160. Epub 2009/04/17.
  • Tong X-K, Lecrux C, Rosa-Neto P, Hamel E. Age-dependent rescue by simvastatin of Alzheimer's disease cerebrovascular and memory deficits. J Neurosci 2012;32(22492027): 4705–15.
  • Kurata T, Kawai H, Miyazaki K, Statins have therapeutic potential for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, likely via protection of the neurovascular unit in the AD brain. J Neurol Sci 2012;322(22795384):59–63.
  • Silva T, Teixeira J, Remiao F, Borges F. Alzheimer's disease, cholesterol, and statins: the junctions of important metabolic pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013;52(23280829): 1110–21.
  • Bettermann K, Arnold AM, Williamson J, Statins, risk of dementia, and cognitive function: secondary analysis of the ginkgo evaluation of memory study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012;21(21236699):436–44.
  • Pandey RD, Gupta PP, Jha D, Kumar S. Role of statins in Alzheimer's disease: a retrospective meta-analysis for commonly investigated clinical parameters in RCTs. Int J Neurosci 2013;123(8):521–5.
  • Wong WB, Lin VW, Boudreau D, Devine EB. Statins in the prevention of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: a meta-analysis of observational studies and an assessment of confounding. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013;22 (23225700):345–58.
  • Sanchez-Ferro A, Benito-Leon J, Mitchell AJ, Bermejo-Pareja F. A review of the potential therapeutic role of statins in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: current research and opinion. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2013;9:55–63. Epub 2013/ 01/16.
  • Milionis HJ, Winder AF, Mikhailidis DP. Lipoprotein (a) and stroke. J Clin Pathol. 2000;53(7):487–96. Epub 2000/08/29.
  • Solfrizzi V, Panza F, D'Introno A, Lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein E genotype, and risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72(6):732–6. Epub 2002/ 05/23.
  • Mooser V, Helbecque N, Miklossy J, Interactions between apolipoprotein E and apolipoprotein(a) in patients with late-onset Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 2000;132(7):533–7. Epub 2000/04/01.
  • Sarti C, Pantoni L, Pracucci G, Lipoprotein(a) and cognitive performances in an elderly white population: cross-sectional and follow-up data. Stroke 2001;32(7):1678–83. Epub 2001/07/07.
  • Dietschy JM, Turley SD. Cholesterol metabolism in the brain. Curr Opin Lipidol 2001;12(2):105–12. Epub 2001/03/ 27.
  • Papassotiropoulos A, Lutjohann D, Bagli M, 24S-hydroxycholesterol in cerebrospinal fluid is elevated in early stages of dementia. J Psychiatr Res 2002;36(1):27–32. Epub 2002/01/05.
  • Bretillon L, Siden A, Wahlund LO, Plasma levels of 24S-hydroxycholesterol in patients with neurological diseases. Neurosci Lett 2000;293(2):87–90. Epub 2000/10/12.
  • Lutjohann D, Papassotiropoulos A, Bjorkhem I, Plasma 24S-hydroxycholesterol (cerebrosterol) is increased in Alzheimer and vascular demented patients. J Lipid Res 2000;41(2):195–8. Epub 2000/02/19.
  • Teunissen CE, De Vente J, von Bergmann K, Serum cholesterol, precursors and metabolites and cognitive performance in an aging population. Neurobiol Aging 2003; 24(1):147–55. Epub 2002/12/21.
  • Cole GM, Ma QL, Frautschy SA. Omega-3 fatty acids and dementia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2009;81(2–3):213–21. Epub 2009/06/16.
  • Kalmijn S, van Boxtel MP, Ocke M, Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age. Neurology 2004;62(2):275–80. Epub 2004/01/28.
  • Huang TL, Zandi PP, Tucker KL, Benefits of fatty fish on dementia risk are stronger for those without APOE epsilon4. Neurology 2005;65(9):1409–14. Epub 2005/11/09.
  • Tully AM, Roche HM, Doyle R, Low serum cholesteryl ester-docosahexaenoic acid levels in Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study. Br J Nutr 2003;89(4):483–9. Epub 2003/03/26.
  • Cutler RG, Kelly J, Storie K, Involvement of oxidative stress-induced abnormalities in ceramide and cholesterol metabolism in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101(7):2070–5. Epub 2004/02/19.
  • Satoi H, Tomimoto H, Ohtani R, Astroglial expression of ceramide in Alzheimer's disease brains: a role during neuronal apoptosis. Neuroscience 2005;130(3):657–66. Epub 2004/12/14.
  • De Chiara B, Sedda V, Parolini M, Plasma total cysteine and cardiovascular risk burden: action and interaction. Sci World J 2012;2012:303654. Epub 2012/05/18.
  • Huang CW, Chang WN, Huang SH, Impact of homocysteine on cortical perfusion and cognitive decline in mild Alzheimer's dementia. Eur J Neurol 2013;20(8):1191–7.
  • Linnebank M, Popp J, Smulders Y, S-adenosylmethio- nine is decreased in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurodegener Dis 2010;7(6):373–8. Epub 2010/06/05.
  • Ho RC, Cheung MW, Fu E, Is high homocysteine level a risk factor for cognitive decline in elderly? A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2011;19(7):607–17. Epub 2011/06/28.
  • Trojanowski JQ, Vandeerstichele H, Korecka M, Update on the biomarker core of the Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative subjects. Alzheimers Dement 2010;6(3):230–8. Epub 2010/05/11.
  • Zylberstein DE, Lissner L, Bjorkelund C, Midlife homocysteine and late-life dementia in women. A prospective population study. Neurobiol Aging 2011;32(3):380–6. Epub 2009/04/04.
  • Serot JM, Barbe F, Arning E, Homocysteine and methylmalonic acid concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid: relation with age and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76(11):1585–7. Epub 2005/10/18.
  • Cankurtaran M, Yesil Y, Kuyumcu ME, Altered levels of homocysteine and serum natural antioxidants links oxidative damage to Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2013;33(4):1051–8. Epub 2012/10/31.
  • Farkas M, Keskitalo S, Smith DE, Hyperhomocysteinemia in Alzheimer's disease: the hen and the egg? J Alzheimers Dis 2013;33(4):1097–104. Epub 2012/10/27.
  • Nilsson K, Gustafson L, Hultberg B. Elevated plasma homocysteine level in vascular dementia reflects the vascular disease process. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2013;3(1):16–24. Epub 2013/04/10.
  • Cojocaru IM, Cojocaru M, Miu G, Sapira V. Study of interleukin-6 production in Alzheimer's disease. Rom J Intern Med 2011;49(1):55–8. Epub 2011/10/27.
  • Engelhart MJ, Geerlings MI, Meijer J, Inflammatory proteins in plasma and the risk of dementia: the Rotterdam study. Arch Neurol 2004;61(5):668–72. Epub 2004/05/19.
  • Irizarry MC. Biomarkers of Alzheimer disease in plasma. NeuroRx. 2004;1(2):226–34. Epub 2005/02/18.
  • Holmes C, Cunningham C, Zotova E, Systemic inflammation and disease progression in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2009;73(10):768–74. Epub 2009/09/10.
  • Teunissen CE, de Vente J, Steinbusch HW, De Bruijn C. Biochemical markers related to Alzheimer's dementia in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2002;23(4): 485–508. Epub 2002/05/16.
  • Alvarez XA, Franco A, Fernandez-Novoa L, Cacabelos R. Blood levels of histamine, IL-1 beta, and TNF-alpha in patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer disease. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1996;29(2–3):237–52. Epub 1996/10/01.
  • Licastro F, Pedrini S, Caputo L, Increased plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and alpha-1-antichymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer's disease: peripheral inflammation or signals from the brain? J Neuroimmunol 2000;103(1): 97–102. Epub 2000/02/16.
  • Kalman J, Juhasz A, Laird G, Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with the severity of dementia in Down syndrome and in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 1997;96(4): 236–40. Epub 1997/11/05.
  • Hull M, Strauss S, Berger M, The participation of interleukin-6, a stress-inducible cytokine, in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 1996;78(1):37–41. Epub 1996/06/01.
  • Honma T, Hatta K, Hitomi Y, Increased systemic inflammatory interleukin-1ss and interleukin-6 during agitation as predictors of Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2013;28(3):233–41. Epub 2012/04/27.
  • Helmy AA, Naseer MM, Shafie SE, Nada MA. Role of interleukin 6 and alpha-globulins in differentiating Alzheimer and vascular dementias. Neurodegener Dis. 2012;9(2):81–6. Epub 2011/12/03.
  • Galimberti D, Venturelli E, Fenoglio C, Intrathecal levels of IL-6, IL-11 and LIF in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. J Neurol 2008;255(4):539–44. Epub 2008/01/22.
  • Swardfager W, Lanctot K, Rothenburg L, A meta-analysis of cytokines in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatry 2010;68(10):930–41. Epub 2010/08/10.
  • Tarkowski E, Blennow K, Wallin A, Tarkowski A. Intracerebral production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, a local neuroprotective agent, in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. J Clin Immunol 1999;19(4):223–30. Epub 1999/09/03.
  • Teunissen CE, van Boxtel MP, Bosma H, Inflammation markers in relation to cognition in a healthy aging population. J Neuroimmunol 2003;134(1–2):142–50. Epub 2003/01/ 01.
  • Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, Serum C-reactive protein and cognitive function in healthy elderly Italian community dwellers. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2005;60(8):1017–21. Epub 2005/08/30.
  • Schmidt R, Schmidt H, Curb JD, Early inflammation and dementia: a 25-year follow-up of the Honolulu-Asia Aging Study. Ann Neurol 2002;52(2):168–74. Epub 2002/09/05.
  • Noble JM, Manly JJ, Schupf N, Association of C-reactive protein with cognitive impairment. Arch Neurol 2010;67(1):87–92. Epub 2010/01/13.
  • Komulainen P, Lakka TA, Kivipelto M, Serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein and cognitive function in elderly women. Age Ageing 2007;36(4):443–8. Epub 2007/06/01.
  • Weuve J, Ridker PM, Cook NR, High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cognitive function in older women. Epidemiology 2006;17(2):183–9. Epub 2006/02/16.
  • Yaffe K, Kanaya A, Lindquist K, The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 2004;292(18):2237–42. Epub 2004/11/13.
  • Dinel AL, Andre C, Aubert A, Cognitive and emotional alterations are related to hippocampal inflammation in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. PLoS One 2011;6(9):e24325. Epub 2011/09/29.
  • Craft S, Foster TC, Landfield PW, Session III: Mechanisms of age-related cognitive change and targets for intervention: inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic processes. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2012;67(7):754–9.
  • Reiss AB, Siller KA, Rahman MM, Cholesterol in neurologic disorders of the elderly: stroke and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2004;25(8):977–89. Epub 2004/06/24.
  • Skoog I, Kalaria RN, Breteler MM. Vascular factors and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 1999;13 (Suppl 3)(10609689):106–14.
  • Levine GN, Keaney JF, Vita JA. Cholesterol reduction in cardiovascular disease. Clinical benefits and possible mechanisms. N Engl J Med 1995;332(7830734):512–21.
  • Shobab LA, Hsiung GY, Feldman HH. Cholesterol in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet Neurol 2005;4(12):841–52. Epub 2005/11/22.
  • Lesort M, Johnson GV. Insulin-like growth factor-1 and insulin mediate transient site-selective increases in tau phosphorylation in primary cortical neurons. Neuroscience 2000; 99(2):305–16. Epub 2000/08/12.
  • Qiu WQ, Walsh DM, Ye Z, Insulin-degrading enzyme regulates extracellular levels of amyloid beta-protein by degradation. J Biol Chem 1998;273(49):32730–8. Epub 1998/ 11/26.
  • Chi NF, Chien LN, Ku HL, Alzheimer disease and risk of stroke: a population-based cohort study. Neurology 2013;80(8):705–11. Epub 2013/01/11.
  • Tolppanen AM, Lavikainen P, Solomon A, Incidence of stroke in people with Alzheimer disease: a national register-based approach. Neurology 2013;80(4):353–8. Epub 2013/01/04.
  • Casserly I, Topol E. Convergence of atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease: inflammation, cholesterol, and misfolded proteins. Lancet 2004;363(9415):1139–46. Epub 2004/04/ 06.
  • Banks WA, Kastin AJ. Passage of peptides across the blood-brain barrier: pathophysiological perspectives. Life Sci 1996;59(23):1923–43. Epub 1996/01/01.
  • Saija A, Princi P, Lanza M, Systemic cytokine administration can affect blood-brain barrier permeability in the rat. Life Sci 1995;56(10):775–84. Epub 1995/01/01.
  • Moore AH, O'Banion MK. Neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory therapy for Alzheimer's disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2002;54(12):1627–56. Epub 2002/11/28.
  • Goldgaber D, Harris HW, Hla T, Interleukin 1 regulates synthesis of amyloid beta-protein precursor mRNA in human endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989;86(19):7606–10. Epub 1989/10/01.
  • Akiyama H, Barger S, Barnum S, Inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2000;21(3):383–421. Epub 2000/06/20.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.