Pathophysiology and diagnosis of Guillain–Barré syndrome – challenges and needs

References

• Guillain G, Barré JA, Strohl A. Sur un syndrome de radiculonévrite avec hyperalbuminose du liquide céphalo-rachidien sans réaction cellulaire. Remarques sur les caractéres cliniques et graphiques des réflexes tendineux. Bull Soc Méd Hôp Paris 1916;40:1462–70.
   Google Scholar
• Pritchard J, Hughes RA. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 2004;363:2186–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RA, Cornblath DR. Guillain Barre Syndrome. Lancet 2005;366:1653–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelika F Hahn. Guillain Barre Syndrome. Lancet 1998;352:635–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olivé J-M, Castillo C, Garcia Castro R, de Quadros CA. Epidemiologic studyof Guillain-Barré syndrome in children <15 years of age in Latin America. J Infect Dis 1997;175(Suppl 1):S160–64.
   Google Scholar
• Ho T, Griffin J. Guillain-Barré syndrome. Curr Opin Neurol 1999;12:389–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter M. The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 1990;27:S7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pithadia A, Kakadia N. Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Pharmacol Rep 2010;62:220–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes RAC, Rees JH. Clinical and epidemiological features of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Infect Dis 1997;176(Suppl 2):S92–98.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan JE, Schonberger LB, Hurwitz ES, Katona P. Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States 1978–1981: additional observations from the national surveillance system. Neurology 1983;33:633–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visser LH, van der Meché FGA, Meulstee J, et al. Cytomegalovirus infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome: the clinical, electrophysiologic, and prognostic features. Neurology 1996;47:668–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ. Epidemiologic and clinical features of Campylobacter jejuni infections. J Infect Dis 1997;176(Suppl 2):S103–05.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bogliun G, Beghi E. Incidence and clinical features of acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy in Lombardy, Italy, 1996. Acta Neurol Scand 2004;110:100–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JE, Katona P, Hurwitz ES, Schonberger LB. Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States, 1979–1980 and 1980–1981. Lack of an association with influenza vaccination. JAMA 1982;248:698–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JE, Schonberger LB, Hurwitz ES, Katona P. Guillain-Barré syndrome in the United States 1978–1981: additional observations from the national surveillance system. Neurology 1983;33:633–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langmuir AD, Bregman DJ, Kurland LT, et al. An epidemiologic and clinical evaluation of GBS reported in association with administration of swine influenza vaccines. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:841–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasky T, Terracciano GJ, Magder L, et al. The Guillain-Barré syndrome and the 1992–1993 and 1993–1994 influenza vaccines. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1797–802.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemachudha T, Griffin DE, Chen WW, Johnson RT. Immunologic studies of rabies vaccination-induced GBS. Neurology 1988;38:375–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willison HJ. The immunobiology of Guillain-Barre′ syndromes. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2005;10:94–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winer JB, Hughes RA, Anderson MJ, et al. A prospective study of acute idiopathic neuropathy. II. Antecedent events. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:613–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampert P. Mechanism of demyelination in experimental allergic neuritis. Electron microscopic studies. Lab Invest 1969;20:127–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees JH, Soudain SE, Gregson NA, Hughes RAC. Campylobacter jejuni infection and Guillain-Barré syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1374–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs BC, van Doorn PA, Schmitz PIM, et al. Campylobacter jejuni infections and anti-GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 1996;40:181–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishu B, Ilyas AA, Koski CL, et al. Serologic evidence of previous Campylobacter jejuni infection in patients with the Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:947–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuroki S, Saida T, Nukina M, et al. Campylobacter jejuni strains from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome belong mostly to Penner serogroup 19 and contain -N-acetylglucosamine residues. Ann Neurol 1993;33:243–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees JH, Gregson NA, Hughes RA. Anti-ganglioside GM1 antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome and their relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection. Ann Neurol 1995;38:809–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowling PC, Cook SD. Role of infection in Guillain-Barré syndrome: laboratory confirmation of herpesviruses in 41 cases. Ann Neurol 1981;9(Suppl):44–55.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hadden RDM, Cornblath DR, Hughes RAC, et al. Electrophysiological classification of Guillain–Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Ann. Neurol 1998;44:780–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Ho TW, et al. Clinical and electrophysiological aspects of acute paralytic disease of children and young adults in northern China. Lancet 1991;338:593–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKhann GM, Cornblath DR, Griffin JW, et al. Acute motor axonal neuropathy: a frequent cause of acute flaccid paralysis in China. Ann Neurol 1993;33:333–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kissel JT, Cornblath DR, Mendell JR. Guillain–Barré syndrome. In: Mendell JR, Kissel JT, Cornblath, DR, eds. Diagnosis and management of peripheral nerve disorders. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2001:145–72.
   Google Scholar
• Cornblath DR, Hughes RAC. Guillain–Barré syndrome. In: Kimura J, ed. Chapter 34. Handbook of clinical neurophysiology. Vol. 7. New York: Elsevier; 2006:695–707.
   Google Scholar
• Hartung HP, Pollard JD, Harvey GK, Toyka KV. Immunopathogenesis and treatment of the Guillain-Barre syndrome-Part I. Muscle Nerve 1995;18:137–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van der Meche FGA, van Doorn PA. Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: immune mechanisms and update on current therapies. Ann NeuroI 1995;37(Suppl):14–31.
   Google Scholar
• lIyas AA, Willison HJ, Ouarles RH, et al. Serum antibodies to gangliosides in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Ann Neurol 1988;23:440–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ledeen RW. Gangliosides of the neuron. Trends Neurosci 1985;10:169–74.
   Google Scholar
• Hakomori S. Glycosphingolipids in cellular interaction, differentiation, and oncogenesis. Annu Rev Biochem 1981;50:733–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa-Goto K, Funamoto N, Abe T, Nagashima K. Different cerqmide compositions of gangliosides between human motor and sensory nerves. J Neurochem 1990;55:1486–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa-Goto K, Funamoto N, Ohta Y, et al. Myelin gangliosides of human peripheral nervous system: an enrichment of GM1 in the motor nerve myelin isolated from cauda equina. J Neurochem 1992;59:1844–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba A, Kusunoki S, Obata H, et al. Serum anti-GO 1 b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barre syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies. Neurology 1993;43:1911–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujinami RS, Oldstone MB, Wroblewska Z, et al. Molecular mimicry in virus infection: crossreaction of measles virus phosphoprotein or of herpes simplex virus protein with human intermediate filaments. Proc Nail Acad Sci USA 1983;80:2346–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldstone MB. Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease. Cell 1987;50:819–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran AP, Rietschel ET, Kosunen TU, Zahringer U. Chemical characterization of Campylobacter jejuni lipopolysaccharides containing N-acetylneuraminic acid and 2,3-diamino-2,3-dideoxyD glucose. J Bacteriol 1991;173:618–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspinall GO, McDonald AG, Raju TS, et al. Serological diversity and chemical structures of Campylobacter jejuni low-molecular-weight lipopolysaccharides. J Bacteriol 1992;174:1324–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meulstee J, van der Meche′ FG. Electrodiagnostic criteria for polyneuropathy and demyelination: application in 135 patients with Guillain-Barre′ syndrome. Dutch Guillain-Barre Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;59:482–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown WF, Feasby TE, Hahn AF. Electrophysiological changes in the acute “axonal” form of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Muscle Nerve 1993;16:200–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbach P, Barundun S, d’Apuzzo V, et al. High dose intravenous gammaglobulin foridiopathic thrombocytopaenic purpura. Lancet 1981;1:1228–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornblath DR. Electrophysiology in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 1990;27(Suppl):S17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ho TW, Willison HJ, Nachamkin I, et al. Anti-GD1a antibody is associated with axonal but not demyelinating forms of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann Neurol 1999;45:168–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meulstee J, van der Meché FG. Electrodiagnostic studies in the Dutch multicentre Guillain-Barré study: a review. J Peripher Nerv Syst 1997;2:143–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van den Bergh PYK, Piéret F. Electrodiagnostic criteria for acute andchronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2004;29:565–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho TW, Mishu B, Li CY, et al. Guillain-Barre′ syndrome in Northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain 1995;118:597–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uncini A, Manzoli C, Notturno F, Capasso M. Pitfalls in electrodiagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome subtypes. J Neurol Neurosurg Pysichiatry 2010;81:1157–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon PH, Wilbourn AJ. Early electrodiagnostic findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Arch Neurol 2001;58:913–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vucic S, Cairns KD, Black KR, et al. Neurophysiologic findings in early acute demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Clin Neurophysiol 2004;115:2329–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clouston PD, Kiers L, Zuniga G, Cros D. Quantitative analysis of the compound muscle action potential in early acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1994;93:245–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown WF, Feasby TE. Conduction Block and denervation in Guillain-Barré polyneuropathy. Brain 1984;107:219–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropper AH, Adelman L. Early Guillain-Barré syndrome without inflammation. Arch Neurol 1992;49:970–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kalita J, Misra UK, Das M. Neurophysiological criteria in the diagnosis of different clinical types of Guillain-Barré syndrome. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:289–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar