Tourette syndrome is associated with insecure attachment and higher aggression

References

• Robertson MM. The prevalence and epidemiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Part 1: the epidemiological and prevalence studies. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:461–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanna AE, Servo S, Monaco F, Robertson MM. The behavioral spectrum of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsy Clin Neurosci 2009;21:13–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy CM, Rizzo R, Gulisano M, et al. Quality of life in young people with Tourette syndrome: a controlled study. J Neurol 2011;258:291–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright A, Rickards H, Cavanna AE. Impulse-control disorders in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. J Neuropsy Clin Neurosci 2012;24:16–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilles de la Tourette G. Etude sur une affection nerveuse caracterisée par de l'incoordination motrice accompagnée d'echolalie et de coprolalie. Arch Neurol 1885;9:158–200.
   Google Scholar
• Cavanna AE, Critchley HD, Orth M, et al. Dissecting the Gilles de la Tourette spectrum: a factor analytic study on 639 patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 2011;82:1320–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornsey H, Banerjee S, Zeitlin H, Robertson M. The prevalence of Tourette syndrome in 13-14-year-olds in mainstream schools. J Child Psychol Psychiat 2001;42:1035–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kano Y, Ohta M, Nagai Y, et al. Rage attacks and aggressive symptoms in Japanese adolescents with tourette syndrome. CNS Spectr 2008;13:325–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalifa N, von Knorring AL. Psychopathology in a Swedish population of school children with tic disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat 2006;45:1346–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scahill L, Williams S, Schwab-Stone M, et al. Disruptive behavior problems in a community sample of children with tic disorders. Adv Neurol 2006;99:184–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rizzo R, Curatolo P, Gulisano M, et al. Disentangling the effects of Tourette syndrome and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on cognitive and behavioral phenotypes. Brain Dev 2007;29:413–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanna AE, Cavanna S, Monaco F. Anger symptoms and “delinquent” behavior in Tourette syndrome with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Brain Dev 2008;30:308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Termine C, Selvini C, Balottin U, et al. Self-, parent-, and teacher-reported behavioral symptoms in youngsters with Tourette syndrome: a case-control study. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2011;15:95–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson MM, Cavanna AE. The Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: a principal component factor analytic study of a large pedigree. Psychiatr Genet 2007;17:143–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuner I, Kellermann T, Stocker T, et al. Amygdala hypersensitivity in response to emotional faces in Tourette's patients. World J Biol Psychiat 2010;11:858–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowlby J. Attachment and loss. London: Hogarth Press; 1973.
   Google Scholar
• Eddy CM, Cavanna AE. ‘It's a curse!’: coprolalia in Tourette syndrome. Eur J Neurol 2013;20:1467–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy CM, Cavanna AE. On being your own worst enemy: an investigation of socially inappropriate symptoms in Tourette syndrome. J Psychiatr Res 2013;47:1259–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy CM, Cavanna AE. Altered social cognition in Tourette syndrome: nature and implications. Behav Neurol 2013;27(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibert AL, Day HI, Sandor P. Self-concept and self-consciousness in adults with Tourette syndrome. Can J Psychiat 1995;40:35–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchfield KL, Levy KN, Clarkin JF, Kernberg OF. The relational context of aggression in borderline personality disorder: using adult attachment style to predict forms of hostility. J Clin Psychol 2008;64:67–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leckman JF, Riddle MA, Hardin MT, et al. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale: initial testing of a clinician-rated scale of tic severity. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiat 1989;28:566–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol 2000;78:350–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buss AH, Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992;63:452–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Dutton DG. The neurobiology of abandonment homicide. Aggress Violent Beh 2002;7:407–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonagy P. Male perpetrators of violence against women: an attachment theory perspective. J Appl Psychoanal Stud 1999;1:7–27.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson MM, Banerjee S, Hiley PJ, Tannock C. Personality disorder and psychopathology in Tourette's syndrome: a controlled study. Br J Psychiat 1997;171:283–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanna AE, Robertson MM, Critchley HD. Schizotypal personality traits in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Acta Neurol Scand 2007;116:385–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank MC, Piedad J, Rickards H, Cavanna AE. The role of impulse control disorders in Tourette syndrome: an exploratory study. J Neurol Sci 2011;310:276–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balottin U, Rossi M, Rossi G, et al. The Rorschach test and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: a pilot case-control study. Brain Dev 2009;31:657–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy CM, Rickards HE, Critchley HD, Cavanna AE. A controlled study of personality and affect in Tourette syndrome. Compr Psychiat 2013;54:105–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavanna AE, Robertson MM, Critchley HD. Catatonic signs in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Cogn Behav Neurol 2008;21:34–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eddy CM, Mitchell IJ, Beck SR, et al. Social reasoning in Tourette syndrome. Cogn Neuropsy 2011;16:326–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draganski B, Martino D, Cavanna AE, et al. Multispectral brain morphometry in Tourette syndrome persisting into adulthood. Brain 2010;133:3661–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pae CU, Lim HK, Peindl K, et al. The atypical antipsychotics olanzapine and risperidone in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2008;23:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George C, West M. The development and preliminary validation of a new measure of adult attachment: the adult attachment projective. Attach Hum Dev 2001;3:30–61.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar