References
- Hoke A, Brushart T. Introduction to special issue: challenges and opportunities for regeneration in the peripheral nervous system. Exp Neurol 2010;223(1):1–4.
- Gu X, Ding F, Yang Y, Liu J. Construction of tissue engineered nerve grafts and their application in peripheral nerve regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2011;93(2):204–30.
- Fu SY, Gordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged axotomy. J Neurosci 1995;15(5 Pt 2):3876–85.
- Gordon T, Chan KM, Sulaiman OA, et al. Accelerating axon growth to overcome limitations in functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury. Neurosurgery 2009;65(4 Suppl):A132–44.
- Gordon T, Tyreman N, Raji MA. The basis for diminished functional recovery after delayed peripheral nerve repair. J Neurosci 2011;31(14):5325–34.
- Gordon T, Brushart TM, Amirjani N, Chan KM. The potential of electrical stimulation to promote functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury–comparisons between rats and humans. Acta Neurochir Suppl 2007;100:3–11.
- Wang X, Hu W, Cao Y, et al. Dog sciatic nerve regeneration across a 30-mm defect bridged by a chitosan/PGA artificial nerve graft. Brain 2005;128(Pt 8):1897–910.
- de Ruiter GC, Spinner RJ, Verhaagen J, Malessy MJ. Misdirection and guidance of regenerating axons after experimental nerve injury and repair. J Neurosurg 2013.
- Hamilton SK, Hinkle ML, Nicolini J, et al. Misdirection of regenerating axons and functional recovery following sciatic nerve injury in rats. J Comp Neurol 2011;519(1):21–33. PubMed PMID: 21120925.
- Gordon T, Fu SY. Long-term response to nerve injury. Adv Neurol 1997;72:185–99.
- Fu SY, Gordon T. Contributing factors to poor functional recovery after delayed nerve repair: prolonged denervation. J Neurosci 1995;15(5 Pt 2):3886–95.
- Hoke A, Gordon T, Zochodne DW, Sulaiman OA. A decline in glial cell-line-derived neurotrophic factor expression is associated with impaired regeneration after long-term Schwann cell denervation. Exp Neurol 2002;173(1):77–85.
- Seddon HJ. The practical value of peripheral nerve repair. Proc R Soc Med 1949;42(6):427–36.
- Birch R. Lesions of peripheral nerves: the present position. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1986;68(1):2–8.
- Scarff JE. Peripheral nerve injuries: principles of treatment. Med Clin North Am 1958;42(3):611–40.
- Trail IA. Delayed repair of the ulnar nerve. J Hand Surg [Br] 1985;10(3):345–6.
- Zook EG, Hurt AV, Russell RC. Sural nerve grafts for delayed repair of divided posterior interosseos nerves. J Hand Surg [Am] 1989;14(1):114–20.
- Yin Q, Lu Y, Chu X, Hu W, Shi K. Clinical and experimental studies on delayed repair for peripheral nerve injuries. Chin J Orthop 1995;15(9): 596–9.
- Boyd JG, Gordon T. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor sustain the axonal regeneration of chronically axotomized motoneurons in vivo. Exp Neurol 2003;183(2):610–9.
- You S, Petrov T, Chung PH, Gordon T. The expression of the low affinity nerve growth factor receptor in long-term denervated Schwann cells. Glia 1997;20(2):87–100.
- Nguyen QT, Sanes JR, Lichtman JW. Pre-existing pathways promote precise projection patterns. Nat Neurosci 2002;5(9):861–7.
- Miyamaru S, Kumai Y, Ito T, Yumoto E. Effects of long-term denervation on the rat thyroarytenoid muscle. Laryngoscope 2008;118(7):1318–23.
- Batt J, Bain J, Goncalves J, et al. Differential gene expression profiling of short and long term denervated muscle. Faseb J 2006;20(1):115–7.
- Gu Y. To improve the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral nerve injuries. Chin J Orthop Trauma 2003;5(1):1–4.
- Gu Y, Spasic Z, Wu W. The effects of remaining axons on motoneuron survival and NOS expression following axotomy in the adult rat. Dev Neurosci 1997;19(3):255–9.
- Yao J, Li Y, Xiao Y, Wang X. Morphological changes of dependency structure after long-term sciatic nerve injury. Chin J Neuroanat 2005;21(5):456–62.
- Peyronnard JM, Charron L, Lavoie J, Messier JP. Differences in horseradish peroxidase labeling of sensory, motor and sympathetic neurons following chronic axotomy of the rat sural nerve. Brain Res 1986;364(1):137–50.
- Furey MJ, Midha R, Xu QG, et al. Prolonged target deprivation reduces the capacity of injured motoneurons to regenerate. Neurosurgery 2007;60(4):723–32; discussion 32–3.
- Brushart TM, Hoffman PN, Royall RM, et al. Electrical stimulation promotes motoneuron regeneration without increasing its speed or conditioning the neuron. J Neurosci 2002;22(15):6631–8.
- Dedkov EI, Kostrominova TY, Borisov AB, Carlson BM. Survival of Schwann cells in chronically denervated skeletal muscles. Acta Neuropathol 2002;103(6):565–74.
- Yao J, Gu J, Chen G, et al. The changes of Schwann cells in prolonged nerve injuries: an experimental study. Chin J Hand Surg 2005;24(6):368–71.
- Gutmann E, Young JZ. The re-innervation of muscle after various periods of atrophy. J Anat 1944;78(Pt 1–2):15–43.
- Sunderland S, Bradley KC. Denervation atrophy of the distal stump of a severed nerve. J Comp Neurol 1950;93(3):401–9.
- Sunderland S, Bradley KC. Endoneurial tube shrinkage in the distal segment of a severed nerve. J Comp Neurol 1950;93(3):411–20.
- Sulaiman OA, Gordon T. Effects of short- and long-term Schwann cell denervation on peripheral nerve regeneration, myelination, and size. Glia 2000;32(3):234–46.
- Mi R, Chen W, Hoke A. Pleiotrophin is a neurotrophic factor for spinal motor neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104(11):4664–9.
- Schmalbruch H, al-Amood WS, Lewis DM. Morphology of long-term denervated rat soleus muscle and the effect of chronic electrical stimulation. J Physiol 1991;441:233–41.
- Wu J, Sun X, Zhong S. [Changes in muscle satellite cells in denervated and innervated muscles]. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 2006;20(10):1047–51.
- Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL, O'Brien JP. Changes in nerve fiber numbers distal to a nerve repair in the rat sciatic nerve model. Muscle Nerve 1991;14(11):1116–22.