22
Views
13
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Effects of Environmental Complexity and Deprivation On Brain Chemistry and Physiology: A Review

Pages 77-89 | Received 17 Dec 1979, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Axelrod J. The pineal gland: A neurochemical transducer. Science 1974; 184: 1341–1348
  • Barondes S. H. Axoplasmic transport. Neuroscience Research Progress Bulletin 1967; 5: 307–364
  • Bennett E. L., Diamond M. C., Krech D., Rosenzweig M. R. Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain. Science 1964; 146: 610–619
  • Bogoch S. The Biochemistry of Memory. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1968
  • Bondy S. C., Roberts S. Developmental and regional variations in ribonucleic acid synthesis of cerebral chromation. Biochemical Journal 1969; 115: 341–349
  • Bonner J., Chalhey G., Darmus M., Frambrough D. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 12B, L. Grossman, K. Moldave. Academic Press, New York 1968
  • Brunngraber E. G. The possible role of glycoproteins in neural function. Perspectives in Biological Medicine 1969; 12: 476–470
  • Capra F. The Tao of Physics. Shambhala, Berkeley 1975
  • Capra F. Modern physics and eastern mysticism. Journal Transpersonal Psychology 1976; 8: 20–40
  • Chew G. F. “Bootstrap”: A scientific idea?. Science 1968; 161: 762–765
  • Cummins R. A. University of Queensland. 1973, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis
  • Das G. D., Altman J. Behavioral manipulations and protein metabolism of the brain: Effects of restricted and enriched environments on the utilization of leucine-H3. Physiology and Behavior. 1966; 1: 109–110
  • DeRobertis E. Molecular biology of synaptic receptors. Science 1971; 171: 963–971
  • Diamond M. C. Anatomical brain changes induced by environment. Knowing, Thinking and Believing, L. Petrinovitch, J. McGaugh. Plenum, New York 1976; 215–241
  • Diamond M. G., Krech D., Rosenzweig M. R. The effects of an enriched environment on the histology of the rat cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1964; 123: 111–120
  • Diamond M. C., Rosenzweig M. R., Krech D. Relationships between body weight and skull development in rats raised in enriched and impoverished conditions. Journal of Experimental Zoology 1965; 160: 29–36
  • Diamond M. C., Eares F., Rhodes H., Lindner B., Rosenzweig M. R., Krech D., Bennett E. L. Increases in cortical depth and glial numbers in rats subjected to enriched environment. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1966; 128: 117–126
  • Dismukes R. K., Daly J. W. Altered brain cyclic AMP responses in rats reared in enriched or impoverished environments. Experientia 1976; 32: 730–732
  • Edwards H., Barry W., Wyspianski J. Effect of differential rearing on photic evoked potentials and brightness discrimination in the albino rat. Developmental Psychobiology 1969; 2: 133–138
  • Entingh D., Dunn A., Glassman E., Wilson J., Hogan E. Handbook of Psychobiology, T. Damstra, M. Gazzaniga, C. Blakemore. Academic Press, New York 1975
  • Essman W. B. Isolation induced behavioral modification: Some neurochemical correlates. Brain Development and Behavior, M. Sterman, B. McGinty, A. Adinolfi. Academic Press, New York 1971; 265–275
  • Essman W. B. Neurochemical changes associated with isolation and environmental stimulation. Biological Psychiatry 1971; 3: 141–147
  • Feinberg I., Brain M., Shulman E. EEG sleep patterns in mental retardation. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1969; 27: 128–141
  • Ferchmin P. A., Eterovic V., Caputto R. Studies of brain weight and RNA content after short periods of exposure to environmental complexity. Brain Research 1970; 20: 49–57
  • Fiala B., Snow F., Greenough W. T. Impoverished rats weigh more than enriched rats because they eat more. Developmental Psychobiology 1977; 10: 523–541
  • Geiger & Stone. Demonstration of the presence of cholinesterase in long term cultures and subcultures of mammalian brain. Federation Proceedings 1962; 21: 336, (Abst.)
  • Geller E., Yuwiler A. Environmental effects on the biochemistry of developing rat brain. Ontogenesis of the Brain, L. Jilek, S. Trojan. Charles University Press, Prague 1968; 277–284
  • Geller E. A., Yuwiler A., Zolman J. Effects of environmental complexity on constituents of brain and liver. Journal of Neurochemistry 1965; 12: 949–955
  • Giacalone E., Tansella M., Valzelli L., Garattini S. Brain serotonin metabolism in isolated aggressive mice. Biochemical Pharmacology 1968; 17: 1315–1328
  • Gilbert P., Thach W. Purkinje cell activity during motor learning. Brain Research 1977; 128: 309–328
  • Glassman E. RNA and learning. Annual Review of Biochemistry 1969; 38: 605–646
  • Glassman E., Wilson J. E. The incorporation of uridine into RNA during short experiences. Brain Research 1970; 21: 157–168
  • Gombos G., Morgan J., Waehneldt T., Videndon G., Breckenridge W. Glycoproteins of the synaptosomal plasma membrane. Advances in Experimental Medicine & Biology 1972; 25: 101–113
  • Greenough W. T., Fulcher J., Yuviler A., Geller E. Enriched rearing and chronic electroshock: Effects on brain and behavior in mice. Physiology and Behavior 1970; 5: 371–373
  • Grouse L., Schrier B. K., Bennett E., Rosenzweig M., Nelson P. Effects of environmental complexity on rat brain RNA diversity. Journal of Neurochemistry 1978; 30: 191–203
  • Hebb D. O. The effects of early experience on problem solving at maturity. American Psychologist 1947; 2: 306–307
  • Hebb D. O. The Organization of Behavior. Wiley, New York 1949
  • Henderson N. Brain weight increases resulting from environmental enrichment: A directional dominance in mice. Science 1970; 169: 776–778
  • Holdstock T. L., Franks P. E. Some aspects of paradoxical sleep in the laboratory rat. Psychologica Africana 1971; 14: 38–44
  • Hyden H., Lange P. W. A differentiation in RNA response in neurons early and late during learning. Proceeds National Academy Science 1965; 53: 946–952
  • Hyden H., Lange P. W. Protein changes in different brain areas as a function of intermittent training. Proceeds National Academy Science 1972; 69: 1980–1984
  • Jones D., Smith B. The hippocampus and its response to differential environments. Progress in Neurobiology 1980, (In press)
  • Koelle G. B. Histochemical localization of cholinesterases in the central nervous system of the rat. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapy 1952; 106: 401
  • Krech D., Rosenzweig M., Bennett E. L. Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 1960; 53: 509–519
  • Krech D., Rosenzweig M. R., Bennett E. L. Relations between brain chemistry and problem solving among rats in enriched and impoverished environments. Journal of Comparative Physiology &. Psychology 1962; 55: 801–807
  • Krech D., Rosenzweig M. R., Bennett E. L. Environmental impoverishment, social isolation, and changes in brain chemistry and anatomy. Physiology & Behavior 1966; 1: 99–106
  • Lambert J. F., Truong-Ngoc A. Influence de l'environment instrumental et social sur l'excitabilité nerveuse centrale de rat Wistar male: Misure de la reactivité de systeme reticulocortical. Agressologie 1976a; 17: 13–18
  • Lambert J. F., Truong-Ngoc A. Influence de l'environment instrumental et social sur la structure d'un enchantillon du cycle veille-sommeil chez le rat Wistar male: Correlations avec les modifications de l'excitabilité du systems reticulo-cortical. Agressologie 1976b; 17: 19–25
  • La Torre J. C. Effect of differential environmental enrichment on brain weight and on acetylcholinesterase and cholinesterase activities in mice. Experimental Neurology 1968; 22: 493–503
  • Levitan I. B., Mushynski W. E., Ramirez G. Effects of environment on amino acid corporation into rat brain subcellular fractions in vivo. Brain Research 1972a; 41: 498–502
  • Levitan I. B., Mushynski W. E., Ramirez G. Effects of environmental complexity on amino acid incorporation into rat cortex and hippocampus in vivo. Journal of Neurochemistry 1972b; 19: 2621–2630
  • Lucero M. A. Lengthening of REM sleep duration consecutive to learning in the rat. Brain Research 1970; 20: 309–322
  • Mailloux J. G., Edwards H. P., Barry W. F., Rowsell H., Ackhorn E. Effects of differential rearing on cortical evoked potentials of the albino rat. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 1974; 87: 475–480
  • McGinty D. J. Encephalization and the neural control of sleep. Brain Development and Behavior, M. B. Sterman, D. J. McGinty, A. M. Adinolfo. Academic Press, New York 1971
  • Mori S., Shimizu N. Electron microscopic histochemistry of cholinesterases in the rat brain. Histo-chemic 1964; 4: 1965
  • Mushynski W. E., Levitan I. B., Ramirez G. Competition hybridization studies on brain ribonucleic acid from rats reared in enriched and impoverished environments. Journal of Neurochemistry 1973; 20: 309–317
  • Oswald I. Human brain protein, drugs and dreams. Nature 1969; 233: 893–897
  • Parker D. C., Sassin J. F., Mace J. W., Gotlin R. W., Rossman L. G. Human growth hormone release during sleep: Electroencephalographic correlation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 1969; 39: 871–874
  • Pevzner L. Z. Nucleic acid changes during behavioral events. Macromolecules and Behavior, J. Gaito. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1966
  • Ramirez G., Karlsson B., Perrin L. Effects of environmental complexity on glucosamine incorporation into rat cerebral cortex and hippocampus in vivo. Brain Research 1974; 79: 296–300
  • Reige W. H., Morimoto H. Effects of chronic stress and differential environments upon brain weight and biogenic amine levels in rats. Journal of Comparative Physiological and Psychology 1970; 71: 396–404
  • Rose S. P. Changes in visual cortex on first exposure of rats to light: Effect on incorporation of tritiated lysine into protein. Nature 1967; 215: 252–255
  • Rosenzweig M. R. Environmental complexity, cerebral change, and behavior. American Journal of Psychology 1966; 21: 321–332
  • Rosenzweig M. R. Responsiveness of brain size to individual experience: Behavioral and evolutionary implications. Development and Evolution of Brain Size: Behavioral Implications, M. E. Hahn, C. Jensen, B. Dudek. Academic Press, New York 1980, (In press)
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Bennett E. L. Effects of differential environments on brain weights and enzyme activities in gerbils, rats and mice. DevelopmentalPsychobiology 1969; 2: 87–95
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Bennett E. L. Effects of environmental enrichment or impoverishment on learning and on brain values in rodents. Genetics, Environment, and Intelligence, A. Oliverio. Elsevier, Holland 1977; 163–196
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Bennett E. L. Experiential influences on brain anatomy and brain chemistry in rodents. Studies on the Development of Behavior and the Nervous System, Vol. 4, Early Influences, G. Gottleib. Academic Press, New York 1978; 289–327
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Bennett E. L., Diamond M. C. Chemical and anatomical plasticity of brain: Replications and extensions. Macro-molecules and Behavior. 2nd edition, J. Gaito. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1971; 205–278
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Bennett E. L., Diamond M. C. Brain changes in response to experience. Scientific American 1972; 226: 22–29
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Krech D., Bennett E. Brain chemistry and adaptive behavior. Biological and biochemical Bases of Behavior, H. F. Harlow, C. N. Woolsey. Wisconsin University Press, Madison, Wise. 1958; 367–400
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Krech D., Bennett E. A search for relations between brain chemistry and behavior. Psychological Bulletin 1960; 57: 476–492
  • Rosenzweig M. R., Krech D., Bennett E. L., Diamond M. C. Effects of environmental complexity and training on brain chemistry and anatomy. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 1962; 55: 429–437
  • Tagney J. Sleep patterns related to rearing rats in enriched and impoverished environments. Brain Research 1973; 53: 353–361
  • Thierry A. M., Javoy F., Glowinski J., Kety S. S. Effects of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine, dopamine and serotonin in the central nervous system of the rat. I. Modifications of norepinephrine turnover. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1968; 163: 163–171
  • Thiessen D., Zolman J., Rogers D. Relation between adrenal weight, brain cholinesterase activity, and hole-in-the-wall behavior of mice under different living conditions. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 1962; 55: 186–190
  • Torack R. M., Barrnett R. J. Fine structural localization of cholinesterase activity in the rat brain stem. Experimental Neurology 1962; 6: 224
  • Uphouse L. In vitro RNA synthesis by chromatin from three brain regions of differentially reared rats. Behavioral Biology 1978; 22: 39–50
  • Uphouse L., Bonner J. Preliminary evidence for the effects of environmental complexity on hybridization of rat brain RNA to rat unique DNA. Developmental Psychobiology 1975; 8: 171–178
  • Uphouse L., Maclnnes J. W. Role of RNA and protein in memory storage: A review. Behavioral Genetics 1974; 4: 29–31
  • Uphouse L., Moore R. Effect of rearing condition on in vitro RNA synthesis by brain chromatin. Behavioral Biology 1978; 22: 23–39
  • Walsh R. N. Suggestions from the neurosciences of emerging cross disciplinary parallels. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology 1979; 11: 175–184
  • Walsh R. Towards an Ecology of Brain. Spectrum Press, Jamaica, New York 1980, (In press)
  • Walsh R. N., Cummins R. A. Mechanisms mediating the production of environmentally induced brain changes. Psychological Bulletin 1975; 82: 986–1000
  • Walsh R. N., Cummins R. A. Neural responses to therapeutic sensory environments. Environments as Therapy for Brain Dysfunction, R. N. Walsh, W. T. Greenough. Plenum Press, New York 1976
  • Walsh R. N., Cummins R. A. The effects of environmental complexity and deprivation in extreme old age. Proceeds World Congress, Psychiatry 1977
  • Walsh R. N., Budtz-Olsen O. E., Penny J. E., Cummins R. A. The effects of environmental complexity on the histology of the rat hippocampus. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1969; 137: 361–366
  • Webb W. B., Friedman J. Attempts to modify the sleep patterns of the rat. Physiology and Behavior 1971; 6: 459–460
  • Wilber K. The Spectrum of Consciousness. Quest Publishing House, Wheaton, Illinois 1977
  • Zolman J. F., Morimoto H. Cerebral changes related to duration of environmental complexity and locomotor activity. Journal of Comparative Physiology and Psychology 1965; 60: 382–387
  • Zukav G. The Dancing Wu Li Masters. William Morrow, New York 1979
  • Cummins R., Walsh R. 1978, Unpublished data
  • Ferchmin P., Eterovic V. 1973, Personal Communication
  • Floeter M. K., Greenough W. T. Cerebellar plasticity: Modification of purkinje cell structure by differential rearing in mon keys, Under editorial review
  • Levitan I. B. 1973, Personal Communication
  • Uphouse L. 1978, Personal Communication

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.