Weak Magnetic Fields as a Novel Therapeutic Modality in Parkinson's Disease

References

• Anninos P. A., Tsagas N., Sandyk R., Derpapas K. Magnetic stimulation in the treatment of partial seizures. International Journal of Neuroscience 1991; 60: 141–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton‐Tay F., Diaz J. L., Fernandez‐Guardiola A. On the effect of melatonin upon human brain. Its possible therapeutic implications. Life Sciences 1971; 10: 841–850
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apps M. C. P., Sheaff P. C., Ingram D. A., Kenhard C., Empey D. W. Respiration and sleep in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1985; 48: 1240–1245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbisi P. A., Depue R. A., Spoont M. R., Leon A., Ainsworth B. Thermoregulatory response to thermal challenge in seasonal affective disorder: a preliminary report. Psychiatry Research 1989; 28: 323–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt J. Melatonin assays in body fluids. Journal of Neural Transmission 1978; 13: 265–278
   Google Scholar
• Backlund E. O., Granberg P. O., Hamberger B. Transplantation of adrenal medullary tissue to striatum in parkinsonism. Journal of Neurosurgery 1985; 62: 169–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergonzi P., Chiurulla C., Gambi D., Mennuni G., Pinto F. Acta Neurologica Belgica 1975; 75: 5–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernheimer H., Birkmayer W., Hornykiewicz O. Verteilung des 5‐hydroxytryptamins (Serotonin) in Gehirn des Menschen und sein Verhalten bein Patienten mit Parkinson Syndrome. Klinische Wochenschrift 1961; 39: 1056–1059
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blask D. E., Nodelman J. L., Leadem Ca. A. Preliminary evidence that a dopamine receptor antagonist blocks the prolactin‐inhibitory effects of melatonin in anosmic male rats. Experientia 1980; 36: 1008–1009
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blouin A., Blouin J., Aubin P., Carter J., Goldstein C., Boyer H., Perez E. Seasonal patterns of bulimia nervosa. American Journal of Psychiatry 1992; 149: 73–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbury A. J., Kelly M. E., Smith J. A. Melatonin action in the mid‐brain can regulate dopamine function both behaviourally and biochemically. The pineal gland: endocrine aspects, G. M. Brown, S. D. Wainwright. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1985; 327–332
   Google Scholar
• Campbell S. S., Kripke D. F., Gillin J. C., Hrubovcak J. C. Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer's patients. Physiology, & Behavior 1988; 42: 141–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinali D. P., Vacas M. I., Boyer E. E. Specific binding of melatonin in bovine brain. Endocrinology 1979; 105: 437–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney P. A., Fitzgerald C. T., Monaghan C. E. Influence of climate on the prevalence of mania. British Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 152: 820–823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan A., Ebadi M. The kinetics of norepinephrine‐induced stimulation of serotonin N‐acetyltransferase activity in bovine pineal gland. Neuroendocrinology 1980; 31: 244–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen G., Spina M. B. Deprenyl suppresses the oxidant stress associated with increased dopamine turnover. Annals of Neurology 1989; 26: 689–690
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotzias G. C., Tang L. C., Miller S. T., Ginos J. Z. Melatonin and abnormal movement induced by L‐dopa in mice. Science 1971; 173: 450–452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremer‐Bartels G., Krause K., Kuechle H. J. Influence of low magnetic field‐strength variations on the retina and pineal gland of quails and humans. Graefe's Archives of Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1983; 220: 248–252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czeisler C. A., Kronauer R. E., Allan J. S., Duffy J. F., Jewett M. E., Brown E. N., Ronda J. M. Bright light induction of strong (Type O) resetting of the human circadian pacemaker. Science 1989; 244: 1328–1333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Datta P. C., King M. G. Melatonin: effects on brain and behavior. Neuroscience, & Biobehavioral Reviews 1980; 4: 451–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demaine C., Semm P. Magnetic fields abolish nychthemeral rhythmicity of responses of Purkinje cells to the pineal hormone melatonin in the pigeon's cerebellum. Neuroscience Letters 1986; 72: 158–162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Den Hartog Jager W. A., Bethlem J. The distribution of Lewy bodies in the central and autonomic nervous system in idiopathic paralysis agitans. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1960; 23: 283–290
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Remigis P. L., Damiani A., Vianale L., Gambi D., Aquilone L., Liberatoscioli C., Menduni P., Sensi S. Circadian study of PRL and TSH in subjects affected by Parkinson's disease before and after treatment with bromocriptin. Chronobiologia 1983; 10: 121
   Google Scholar
• Dubocovich M. L. Melatonin as a potent modulator of dopamine release in the retina. Nature 1983; 306: 782–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubocovich M. L. Characterization of a retinal melatonin receptor. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1985; 234: 395–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubocovich M. L. Pharmacology and function of melatonin receptors. FASEB Journal 1988; 2: 2765–2773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehringer H., Hornykiewicz O. Verteilung von Noradrenalin und Dopamine (3‐Hydroxytyramin) im Gehirn des Menschen und ihr Verhalten bei Erkrankungen des extrapyramidalar Systems. Wien Klinischer Wochenschrift 1960; 38: 1236–1239
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlich S. S., Apuzzo L. J. The pineal gland: anatomy, physiology, and clinical significance. Journal of Neurosurgery 1985; 63: 321–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahn S. Fluctuations of disability in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiological aspects. Movement disorders, C. D. Marsden, S. Fahn. Butterworths Scientific, London 1981; 123–145
   Google Scholar
• Ferrier I. N., Arendt J., Johnstone E. C., Crow T. J. Reduced nocturnal melatonin secretion in chronic schizophrenia: relationship to body weight. Clinical Endocrinology 1982; 17: 181–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fertl E., Auff E., Doppelbauer A., Waldhauser F. Circadian secretion pattern of melatonin in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission (P—D Sect) 1991; 3: 41–47
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forno L. S. Pathology of Parkinsonism: a preliminary report of 24 cases. Journal of Neurosurgery 1966; 24: 266–271, (suppl)
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman H., Becker R. O., Bachman C. H. Geomagnetic parameters and psychiatric hospital admissions. Nature 1963; 200: 626–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman H., Becker R. O., Bachman C. H. Psychiatric ward behaviour and geophysical parameters. Nature 1965; 205: 1050–1052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujimura H., Umbach I. Role de L'atteinte de la substance reticulee dans la demence de la maladie de parkinson. Reveu Neurologique 1987; 143: 108–114
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffori O., Van Ree J. M. Serotonin and antidepressant drugs antagonize melatonin‐induced behavioural changes after injection into the nucleus accumbens of rats. Neuropharmacology 1985; 24: 237–244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gancher S. T., Nutt J. G. Diurnal responsiveness to apomorphine. Neurology 1987; 37: 1250–1253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerbaldo H., Thaker G., Cassady S. Sun gazing and photophilia in schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girotti F., Grassi M. P., Carella F., Soliveri P., Musicco M., Lamperti E., Caraceni T. Possible involvement of attention processes in Parkinson's disease. Advances in neurology, M. D. Yahr, K. J. Bergmann. Raven Press, New York 1986; vol. 45: 425–429
   Google Scholar
• Glantz R., Weiner W. J., Goetz C. G., Nausieda P. A., Klawans H. L. Drug‐induced asterixis in Parkinson disease. Neurology 1982; 32: 553–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz C. G. Tics: Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. Handbook of clinical neurology: extrapyramidal disorders, P. J. Vinken, G. W. Bruyn, H. L. Klawans. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1986; vol. 5: 627–639
   Google Scholar
• Goetz C. G., Olanow C. W., Roller W. C. Multicenter study of autologous adrenal medullary transplantation to the corpus striatum in patients with advanced Parkinson's disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1989; 320: 337–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golbe L. I. Long‐term efficacy and safety of deprenyl (selegiline) in advanced Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1109–1111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golus P., King M. The effects of melatonin in open field behavior. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior 1981; 15: 883–885
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govitrapong P., Murrin L. C., Ebadi M. Characterization of dopaminergic receptor sites in bovine pineal gland. Journal of Pineal Research 1984; 1: 215–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenfield J. G., Bosanquet F. D. The brain‐stem lesions in parkinsonism. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1953; 16: 213–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman K. M., Schwartz H. D., Watson R. T. Hypoarousal in patients with the neglect syndrome and emotional indifference. Neurology 1978; 28: 229–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilman K. M., Watson R. T., Valenstein E. Neglect and related disorders. Clinical neuropsychology, K. M. Heilman, E. Valenstein. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1985; 243–293
   Google Scholar
• Heinonen E. H., Rinne U. K. Selegiline in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 1989; 80: 103–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoehn M. M. Natural history of the untreated pre‐levodopa disease. Parkinson's disease, G. Stern. Chapman and Hall Medical, London 1990; 307–314
   Google Scholar
• Hoehn M. M., Yahr M. D. Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality. Neurology 1967; 17: 427–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornykiewicz O., Kish S. J. Biochemical pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Advances in neurology, M. D. Yahr, K. J. Bergmann. Raven Press, New York 1990; vol. 45: 19–34
   Google Scholar
• Hovestadt A., De Jong G. J., Meerwaldt J. D. Spatial disorientation in Parkinson's disease: no effect of levodopa substitution therapy. Neurology 1988; 38: 1802–1803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber S. J., Paulson G. W., Shuttleworth E. C. Depression in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology 1988; 1: 47–51
   Google Scholar
• Iuvone P. M., Besharse J. C. Dopamine receptor mediated inhibition of serotonin N‐acetyltransferase activity in retina. Brain Research 1986; 369: 168–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic J., Grossman R., Goodman C., Pirozzolo F., Schneider L., Zhu Z., Scardino P., Garber A. J., Jhingran S. G., Martin S. Clinical, biochemical, and neuropathologic findings following transplatation of adrenal medulla to the caudate nucleus for treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1989; 39: 1227–1234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janz D. The grand mal epilepsies and the sleeping‐waking cycle. Epilepsia 1962; 3: 69–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kales A., Ansel R. D., Markham C. H., Scharf M. B., Tan T. L. Sleep in patients with Parkinson's disease and normal subjects prior to and following levodopa administration. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 1971; 12: 397–406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanofsky J. D., Sandyk R., Kaplan S., Yaryura‐Tobias J. A. Seasonal panic disorder responsive to light therapy. Lancet 1991; 337: 1103–1104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karson C. N., Berman K. F., Kleinman J., Karoum F. Seasonal variation in human central dopamine activity. Psychiatry Research 1984; 11: 111–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kidron D., Melamed E. Forms of dystonia in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1987; 37: 1009–1011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kish S. J., Shannak K. S., Rajput A. H., Gilbert J., Hornykiewicz O. Cerebellar norepinephrine in patients with Parkinson's disease and control subjects. Archives of Neurology 1986; 41: 612–614
   Google Scholar
• Klawans H. L. Psychiatric side effects during the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 1988; 27: 117–122, (suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Klawans H. L., Goetz C., Bergen D. Levodopa‐induced myoclonus. Archives of Neurology 1975; 32: 331–334
   Google Scholar
• Klawans H. L., Hitri A., Barr A. Levodopa‐induced dyskinesias. Parkinson's disease, G. Stern. Chapman and Hall Medical, London 1990; 537–557
   Google Scholar
• Knoll J. The possible mechanisms of action of (—) deprenyl in Parkinson's disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 1978; 43: 177–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller W. C. Pharmacologic treatment of parkinsonian tremor. Archives of Neurology 1986; 43: 126–127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koller W. C. Controlled‐release carbidopa‐levodopa: old drug‐new drug. Neurology 1992; 42(suppl 1)4–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koller W. C., Vetere‐Overfield B., Williamson A., Busenbark K., Nash J., Parrish D. Sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1990; 13: 461–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopp N., Claustrat B., Tappaz M. Evidence for the presence of melatonin in the human brain. Neuroscience Letters 1980; 19: 237–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovacs G. L., Gayari I., Telegdy G., Lissak K. Effect of melatonin and pinealectomy on avoidance and exploratory activity in the rat. Physiology, & Behavior 1974; 13: 349–355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause K., Cremer‐Bartels G., Mitoskas G. Effects of low magnetic field on human and avian retina. The pineal gland: endocrine aspects, G. M. Brown, S. D. Wainwright. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1985; 209–215
   Google Scholar
• Kripke D. F., Mullaney D. J., Savides T. J., Gillin J. C. Phototherapy for nonseasonal major depressive disorders. Seasonal affective disorders and phototherapy, N. E. Rosenthal, M. Blehar. Guilford Press, New York 1989
   Google Scholar
• Kupsky W. J., Grimes M. M., Sweeting J., Bertsch R., Cote L. J. Parkinson's disease and megacolon: concentric hyaline inclusions (Lewy bodies) in enteric ganglion cells. Neurology 1987; 37: 1253–1255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langston J. W., Forno L. S. The hypothalamus in parkinson disease. Annals of Neurology 1978; 3: 129–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laudon M., Nir I., Zisapel N. Melatonin receptors in discrete brain areas of the male rat. Impact of aging on density and on circadian rhythmicity. Neuroendocrinology 1988; 48: 577–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lees A. J., Blackburn N. A., Campbell V. L. The nighttime problems Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1988; 11: 512–519
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeWitt P. A., Chase T. N. “On‐Off” effects: the new challenge in parkinsonism. Trends in Neuroscience 1983; 6: 1–4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Sack R. L., Miller L. S. Antidepressant and circadian phase‐shifting effects of light. Science 1978; 235: 352–354
   Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Wehr T. A., Goodwin F. K., Newsome D. A., Markey S. P. Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 1980; 210: 1267–1269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Sack R. L., Singer C. M. Assessment and treatment of chronobiological disorders using plasma melatonin levels and bright light exposure: the clock‐gate model and the phase response curve. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1984; 20: 561–565
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liberman A. N., Goldstein M., Gopinathan G., Neophytides A. D‐1 and D‐2 agonists in Parkinson's disease. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences 1987; 14: 466–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindvall O., Baclund E. O., Farde L. Transplantation in Parkinson's disease: two cases of adrenal medullary grafts to the putamen. Annals of Neurology 1987; 22: 457–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindvall O., Brundin P., Widner H. Grafts of foetal dopamine neurons survive and improve motor function in Parkinson's disease. Science 1990; 247: 574–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipe H., Longstreth W. T., Bird T. D., Linde M. Sexual function in married men with Parkinson's disease compared to married men with arthritis. Neurology 1990; 40: 1347–1349
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrazo I., Drucker‐Colin R., Diaz V., Martinez‐Mata J., Torres C., Becerill J. J. Open microsurgical autograft of adrenal medulla to the right caudate nucleus in two patients with intractable Parkinson's disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 316: 831–834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham C. H., Diamond S. G. Evidence to support early levodopa therapy in Parkinson disease. Neurology 1981; 31: 125–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden C. D., Parkes J. D. On‐off effects in patients with Parkinson's disease on chronic levodopa therapy. Lancet 1976; 1: 292–296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden C. D., Parkes J., Quinn N. Fluctuations of disability in Parkinson's disease: clinical aspects. Movement disorders, C. D. Marsden, S. Fahn. Butterworths Scientific, London 1981; 96–122
   Google Scholar
• Martignoni E., Murialdo G., Sances G., Giovale M., Nappi G., Savoldi F. Deteriorated regulation of prolacrin periodicity in Parkinson's disease. Neuropeptides and psychosomatic processes, Endroczi, et al. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest 1983; 661–668
   Google Scholar
• Martignoni E., Micieli G., Cavallini A., Pacchetti C., Magri M., Nappi G. Autonomic disorders in idiopalhic parkinsonism. Journal of Neural Transmission 1986; 22: 149–161, (suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Masterton G. Monthly and seasonal variation in parasuicide. A sex difference. British Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 158: 155–157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayeux R., Stern Y., Rosen J., Leventhal J. Depression, intellectual impairment and Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1981; 31: 645–650
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melamed E. Early morning dystonia: a late side effect of long term levodopa therapy in Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology 1979; 36: 308–310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Melamed E., Rosenthal J., Uzzan A., Brzewzinski A. Effect of systemic melatonin administration on dopamine turnover in mouse retina. Journal of Neural Transmission 1986; 21: 499–500, (suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Miles L. E., Dement W. C. Sleep and aging. Sleep 1980; 3: 119–220
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles A., Philbrick D. R. S. Melatonin and psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry 1988; 23: 405–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore R. Y. Disorders of circadian function and the human circadian timing system. Suprachiasmatic nucleus. The mind's clock, D. C. Klein, R. Y. Moore, S. M. Reppert. Oxford University Press, New York 1991; 429–441
   Google Scholar
• Mullen P. F., Silman R. E. The pineal and psychiatry: a review. Psychological Medicine 1977; 7: 407–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myllyla V. V., Sotaniemi K. A., Vuorinen J. A., Heinonen E. H. Selegiline as initial treatment in de novo parkinsonian patients. Neurology 1992; 42: 339–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nappi G., Micieli G., Martignoni E., Sandrini G., Bono G., Horowski R. Circadian and ultradian rhythms of core body temperature in Parkinson's disease. Abstracts of the XIX international congress of neurovegetative research. Berlin 1984; 307
   Google Scholar
• Nausieda P., Baum R. M., Weiner W. J. Cortisol disruption as a side effect of chronic levodopa therapy. Neurology 1982a; 32: A180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nausieda P., Weiner W. J., Kaplan L. R., Weber S., Klawans H. L. Sleep disruption in the course of levodopa therapy: an early feature of the levodopa psychosis. Clinical Neuropharmacology 1982b; 5: 183–194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nausieda P., Tanner C. M., Klawans H. L. Serotonergically active agents in levodopa‐induced psychiatric toxicity reactions. Advances in neurology, S. Fahn, D. B. Calne, I. Shoulson. Raven Press, New York 1983; vol. 37: 23–32
   Google Scholar
• Nausieda P., Giantz R., Weber S., Baum R., Klawans H. L. Psychiatric complications of levodopa therapy of Parkinson's disease. Advances in Neurology, R. G. Hassler, J. F. Christ. Raven Press, New York 1984; vol. 40: 271–277
   Google Scholar
• Niles L. P., Wong Y. W., Mishra R. K., Brown G. M. Melatonin receptors in brain. European Journal of Pharmacology 1979; 55: 219–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak J. Z. The retina as a model neural tissue: comparative studies on retinal and brain aminergic mechanisms. Polish Journal of Pharmacology and Pharmacy 1987; 39: 451–482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nowak J. Z. Melatonin inhibits (3H) dopamine release from rabbit retina evoked by light. potassium, and electrical stimulation. Medical Science Research 1988; 16: 1073–1075
   Google Scholar
• Ohama F., Ikuta F. Parkinson's disease: distribution of Lewy bodies and monoamine neuron system. Acta Neuropathologica 1976; 34: 311–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olcese J., Reuss S. Magnetic field effects on pineal melatonin synthesis: comparative studies on albino and pigmented rodents. Brain Research 1986; 369: 365–368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olcese J., Reuss S., Semm P. Geomagnetic field detection in rodents. Life Sciences 1988; 42: 605–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pal G. S., Baker J. T., Humphrey P. R. Bromocriptine induced impotence in Parkinson's disease. British Medical Journal 1987; 295: 367–368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pangerl B., Pangerl A., Reiter R. J. Circadian variations of adrenergic receptors in the mammalian pineal gland: a review. Journal of Neural Transmission 1990; 81: 17–29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papavasiliou P. S., Cotzias G. C., Duby S. E., Steck A. J., Bell M., Lawrence W. H. Melatonin and parkinsonism. Journal of the American Medical Association 1972; 221: 88–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes D. Sleep and Parkinson's disease. Disorders of movement, N. P. Quinn, P. G. Jenner. Academic Press, London 1989; 125–135
   Google Scholar
• Parry B. L., Berga S. L., Mostofi N., Sependa P. A., Kripke D. F., Gillin J. C. Morning versus evening bright light treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1215–1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson G. W. Management of patients with Parkinson's disease who fail to respond to levodopa. Continuing Education, May edition 1986; 234–240
   Google Scholar
• Pazo J. H. Effects of melatonin on spontaneous and evoked neuronal activity in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Brain Research Bulletin 1979; 4: 727–730
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pederzoli M., Girotti F., Scigliano G., Aiello G., Carella F., Caraceni T. L‐dopa long term treatment in Parkinson's disease: age‐related effects. Neurology 1983; 33: 1518–1522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce M. E., Iuvone P. M., Besharse J. C. Melatonin and photoreceptor metabolism: regulation of cone retinomotor movement by melatonin and dopamine. Society for Neuroscience (Abstract) 1984; 10: 10.1
   Google Scholar
• Piha S. J., Rinne J. O., Rinne U. K., Seppanen A. Autonomic dysfunction in recent onset and advanced Parkinson's disease. Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery 1988; 90: 221–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pillon B., Dubois B., Bonnet A. M., Esteguy M., Guimaraes J., Vigouret J. M., Lhermitte F., Agid Y. Cognitive slowing in Parkinson's disease fails to respond to levodopa treatment: the 15‐objects test. Neurology 1989; 39: 762–768
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinne U. K., Lonnberg P., Koskinen V. Dopamine receptor changes in Parkinsons disease. Journal of Neural Transmission 1981; 51: 97–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinne U. K., Sonninen V., Siirtola T., Marttila R. Long‐term responses of parkinson's disease to levodopa therapy. Journal of Neural Transmission 1980; 16: 149–156, (suppl)
   Google Scholar
• Rosenthal N. E., Joseph‐Vandeipool J. R., Levendosky A. A., Johnston S. H., Allen R., Souerte E., Schultz P. M., Starz K. E. Phase shifting effects of bright morning light as treatment for delayed phase syndrome. Sleep 1990; 13: 354–361
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudolph K., Wirz‐Justice A., Krauchi K., Feer H. Static magnetic fields decrease nocturnal pineal cAMP in the rat. Brain Research 1988; 446: 159–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Pineal melatonin functions: possible relevance to Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Neuroscience 1990; 50: 37–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. The significance of eye blink rate in Parkinsonism: a hypothesis. International Journal of Neuroscience 1990a; 51: 99–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Paroxysmal episodes of rapid blinking during hallucinatory activity in a schizophrenic patient: a possible mechanism involving pineal‐mediated “fine tuning” of dopaminergic functions. International Journal of Neuroscience 1990b; 51: 95–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Weak magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson's disease with the “on‐off” phenomenon. International Journal of Neuroscience
   Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. The pineal gland and multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Neuroscience 1992; 63: 205–215
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Anninos P. A., Tsagas N., Derpapas K. Magnetic fields in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. International Journal of Neuroscience 1992; 63: 141–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Dann L. C. Seasonal panic disorder: A possible variant of seasonal affective disorder. International Journal of Neuroscience 1992; 62: 263–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Fisher H. Increased incidence of neuroleptic‐induced movement disorders in pinealeclomized rats. International Journal of Neuroscience 1989; 48: 303–308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Kanofsky J. D. Cocaine addiction: relationship to seasonal affective disorder. International Journal of Neuroscience
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satel S. L., Gawin F. H. Seasonal cocaine abuse. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 146: 534–535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scatton B., Dennis T., L'heureux R., Monfort J. C., Duyckaerts C., Javoy‐Agid F. Degeneration of noradrenergic and serotonergic but not dopaminergic neurones in the lumbar spinal cord of parkinsonian patients. Brain Research 1986; 380: 181–185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffer R. B., Kurlan R., Rubin A., Boer S. Evidence for atypical depression in Parkinson's disease. Evidence for atypical depression in Parkinson's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 1988; 145: 1020–1022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwab R. S., England A. C., Poskanzer D. C. Amantadine in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Journal of the American Medical Association 1969; 208: 1168–1170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seguela P., Geffard M., Chauvoau J., Muyard J. P., Biziere K., Le Moal M. Selective increase of melatonin content in pineal gland and nucleus accumbens after peripheral injection of Des‐Tyr1‐gamma. endorphin in the rat. Neuroscience Letters 1982; 10: S442
   Google Scholar
• Semm P. Neurobiological investigations on the magnetic sensitivity of the pineal gland in rodents and pigeons. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 1983; 76: 683
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw K. M., Stern G. M., Sandier M. Melatonin and parkinsonism. Lancet 1973a; 1: 271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw K. M., Stern G. M., Sandier M. Melatonin and metatyrosine in the treatment of parkinsonism. Advances in neurology. Raven Press, New York 1973b; vol. 3: 115–119
   Google Scholar
• Singer C., Sanchez‐Ramos J., Weiner W. J., Ackerman M. Sexual dysfunction in parkinsonian men. Neurology 1989; 39(suppl 1)145
   Google Scholar
• Snider S. R., Sandyk R. Sensory dysfunction. Handbook of parkinson's disease, W. C. Koller. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1987; 171–180
   Google Scholar
• Stein M. B., Heuser I. J., Juncos J. L., Uhde T. W. Anxiety disorders in patients with Parkinson's disease. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 217–220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stem Y., Mayeux R., Cote L. Reaction time and vigilance in Parkinson's disease. Possible role of altered norepinephrine metabolism. Archives of Neurology 1984; 41: 1086–1089
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens J. R. Eye blink and schizophrenia: psychosis or tardive dyskinesia?. American Journal of Psychiatry 1978; 135: 223–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens J. R. Eye blink and schizophrenia: psychosis, or tardive dyskinesia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1978; 135: 223–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens J. R., Livermore A. A., Fellman J. Loss of eye movements abolishes light entrainment of circadian mesolimbic catecholamine excitability: A function for REM?. Life Sciences 1981; 30: 495–501
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock G. Neurobiology of REM sleep. A possible role of dopamine. Sleep, clinical and experimental aspects, D. Guillen, D. Pfaff. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin 1982; 1–36
   Google Scholar
• Swaab D. F., Roozendaal B., Ravid R., Velis D. N., Gooren L., Williams R. S. Suprachiasmatic nucleus in aging, Alzheimer's disease, transsexuality and Prader‐Willi syndrome. Progress in brain research, E. R. de Kloet, V. M. Wiegnant, D. de Wied. Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam 1987; vol. 72: 301–310
   Google Scholar
• Symonds R. L., Williams P. Seasonal variation in the incidence of mania. British Journal of Pyschiatry 1976; 129: 45–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson C., Stinson D., Smith A. Seasonal affective disorder and season‐dependent abnormalities of melatonin suppression by light. Lancet 1990; 336: 703–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacas M. I., Cardinali D. P. Diurnal changes in melatonin binding sites of hamster and rat brains: correlation with neuroendocrine responsiveness to melatonin. Neuroscience Letters 1979; 15: 259–263
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Linden C., Jankovic J., Jansson B. Lateral hypothalamic dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Annals of Neurology 1985; 18: 137–138
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan G. M. Daytime unresponsiveness of the human and Syrian hamster pineal to adrenergic stimulation. Advances in pineal research, R. J. Reiter, S. F. Pang. Libbey, London 1989; vol. 3: 117–122
   Google Scholar
• Villardita C., Smirni P., Zappala G. Visual neglect in Parkinson's disease. Archives of Neurology 1983; 40: 737–739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitte P. A., Harthe C., Lestage P., Claustrat B., Bobillier P. Plasma. CSF and brain distribution of C14‐melatonin in rat: a biochemical and autoradiographic study. Journal of Pineal Research 1988; 5: 437–453
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vollrath L., Seidel A., Huesgen A., Manz B., Pollow K., Leiderer P. One millisecond of light suffices to suppress nighttime pineal melatonin synthesis in rats. Neuroscience Letters 1989; 98: 297–298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitzman E. D., Moline M. L., Czeisler C. A., Zimmerman J. C. Chronobiology of aging: temperature, sleep‐wake rhythms and entrainment. Neurobiology of Aging 1982; 3: 299–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welker H. A., Semm P., Willig R. P., Commentz J. C., Wiltschko W., Vollrath L. Effects of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N‐acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland. Experimental Brain Research 1983; 59: 426–432
   Google Scholar
• Wetterberg L. Melatonin in humans: physiological and clinical studies. Journal of Neural Transmission 1978; 13: 289–310
   Google Scholar
• Wever R. Einfluss Schwacker Elektro‐magnetischer Felder auf die Circadiane Periodik des Menschen. Naturwissenschaften 1968; 55: 29–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiltschko W., Vollrath L. Effects of an artificial magnetic field on serotonin N acetyltransferase activity and melatonin content of the rat pineal gland. Experimental Brain Research 1983; 50: 426–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuthrich R., Rieder H. P. The seasonal incidence of multiple sclerosis in Switzerland. European Neurology 1970; 3: 257–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoney T. H., Pigott T. A., L'heureux F., Rosenthal N. E. Seasonal variation in obsessive‐compulsive disorder: preliminary experience with light treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry 1991; 148: 1727–1729
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisapel N., Laudon M. Inhibition by melatonin of dopamine release from rat hypothalamus: regulation of calcium entry. Brain research 1983; 272: 378–381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisapel N., Egozi Y., Laudon M. Inhibition of dopamine release by melatonin: regional distribution in the rat brain. Brain Research 1982; 246: 161–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisapel N., Egozi Y., Laudon M. Inhibition by melatonin of dopamaine release from rat hypothalamus in vitro: variations with sex and the estrous cycle. Neuroendocrinology 1983; 37: 41–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisapel N., Egozi Y., Laudon M. Circadian variations in the inhibition of dopamine release from adult and newborn rat hypothalamus by melatonin. Neuroendocrinology 1985; 40: 102–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zisapel N., Nir I., Laudon M. Circadian variations in melatonin‐binding sites in discrete areas of the male rat brain. FEBS Letters 1988; 232: 172–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar