Abnormal Motoric Laterality in Strabismus and a Hypothesis Concerning its Neurological Origins

References

• Amidei B. Le syndrome: Strabisme, begaiement, gaucherie. Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe Francaise d'Ophtalmologie 1961; 74: 806–811
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson J. H., Precht W., Pappas C. Changes in the vertical vestibulo-ocular reflex due to kainic acid lesions of the interstitial nucleus of Cajal. Neuroscience Letters 1979; 14: 259–264
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Annett M. Handedness in families. Annals of Human Geneties 1973; 37: 93–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baloh R. W., Richman L., Yee R. D., Honrubia V. The dynamics of vertical eye movements in normal human subjects. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 1983; 54: 32–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bax M., Whitmore K. Neurodevelopmental screening in the school-entrant medical examination. Lancet 1973; 2: 368–370
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Belknap D. B., McCrea R. A. Anatomical connections of the prepositus and abducens nuclei in the squirrel monkey. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1988; 268: 13–28
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bingley T. Mental symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy and temporal gliomas. Acta Psychiatrica et Neurologica 1958; 33: 1–151, (Suppl. 120)
   Google Scholar
• Bishop D. V. M. Handedness and developmental disorder. J. P. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1990
   Google Scholar
• Blazso S., Giesel V. Correlation between strabismus and central nervous system injuries. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology 1971; 8: 18–22
   Google Scholar
• Boylan C., Clement R. A., Howrie A. Normal visual pathway routing in dissociated vertical deviation. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science 1988; 29: 1165–1167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brandt T., Dieterich M. Pathological eye-head coordination in roll: Tonic ocular tilt reaction in mesencephaic and medullary lesions. Brain 1987; 110: 649–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun-Vallon S., Drouard M.-E., Depelsenaire J., Cam P., Chenerie R., Sabiani A. Homogeneite de la lateralite et resultat du traitement du strabisme. Annales d'Oculistique 1970; 203: 555–567
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burian H. M. Eyedness, handedness and refractive error in relation to strabismic amblyopia. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift 1969; 18: 236–240
   Google Scholar
• Buttner-Ennever J. A., Akert K. Medial rectus subgroups of the oculomotor nucleus and their abducens internuclear input in the monkey. The Journal of Comparative Neurology 1981; 197: 17–27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caputo A. R., Wagner R. S., Reynolds D. R., Guo S., Goel A. K. Down syndrome. Clinical review of ocular features. Clinical Pediatrics 1989; 28: 355–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers B. R., Ell J. J., Gresty M. A. Case of downbeat nystagmus influenced by otolith stimulation. Annals of Neurology 1983; 13: 204–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheron G., Godaux E., Laune J. M., Vanderkelen B. Lesions in the cat prepositus complex: Effects on the vestibulo-ocular reflex saccades. Journal of Physiology 1986; 372: 75–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Clark B., Randle R. J., Stewart J. D. Vestibulo-ocular accommodation reflex in man. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine 1975; 46: 1136–1139
   Google Scholar
• Conrad R. The deaf school child. Language and cognitive function. Harper & Row, London 1979
   Google Scholar
• Corchelle L., Theodorides M., Mabon A., Roques J.-Cl. Strabisme et lateralite. Bulletin des Societes d'Ophtalmologie de France 1968; 68: 209–212
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coren S., Duckman R. H. Ocular dominance and amblyopia. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics 1975; 52: 47–50
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coren S., Porac C. Central and peripheral sensitivity to temporally modulated stimuli presented to the sighting and nonsighting eyes. Optometry and Visual Science 1989; 66: 450–454
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Santis M., Gernandt B. E. Effect of vestibular stimulation on pupillary size. Experimental Neurology 1971; 30: 66–77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Diamond S. G., Markham C. H., Baloh R. W. Ocular counterrolling abnormalities in spasmodic torticollis. Archives of Neurology 1988; 45: 164–169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duke-Elder W. S. Text-book of ophthalmology (4th ed). C. V. Mosby, St. Louis 1949
   Google Scholar
• Erway L. C., Fraser A. S., Hurley L. S. Prevention of congenital otolith defect in pallid mutant mice by manganese supplementation. Genetics 1971; 67: 97–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fein D., Humes M., Kaplan E., Lucci D., Waterhouse L. The question of left-hemisphere dysfunction in autism. Psychological Bulletin 1984; 95: 258–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink W. H., Bryngelson B. The relation of strabismus to right or left sidedness. Transactions of the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology 1934; 39: 247–265
   Google Scholar
• Fleiss J. L. Statistical methods for rates and proportions (2nd ed). Wiley & Sons, New York 1981
   Google Scholar
• Fransden A. D. Occurrence of squint. A clinical-statistical study on the prevalence of squint and associated signs in different groups and ages of the Danish population. Acta Ophthalmology 1960; 1–158, (Suppl. 62)
   Google Scholar
• Geschwind N., Galaburda A. M. Cerebral lateralization. Biological mechanisms, associations, and pathology: II. A hypothesis and a program for research. Archives of Neurology 1985; 42: 521–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmartin B. A review of the role of sympathetic innervation of the ciliary muscle in ocular accommodation. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1986; 6: 23–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green M. F., Satz P., Smith C., Nelson L. Is there atypical handedness in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 1989; 98: 57–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg G. Eye-dominance and head-tilt. American Journal of Psychology 1960; 73: 149–151
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haefliger I. O., Safran A. B., Mermillod B., Roth A. Inferonasal quadrant of the visual field is not constricted in patients with infantile esotropia when evaluated by means of automated perimetry. Journal of Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology 1990; 10: 118–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Halmagyi G. M., Rudge P., Gresty M. A., Sanders M. D. Downbeating nystagmus. A review of 62 cases. Archives of Neurology 1983; 40: 777–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern I., Kugelmass S. Secondary microteleopsia in unilateral disequilibrium. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1960; 36: 496–504
   Google Scholar
• Hartmann E. Schizophrenia: A theory. Psychopharmacology 1976; 49: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath R. G., Franklin D. E., Shraberg D. Gross pathology of the cerebellum in patients diagnosed and treated as functional psychiatric disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1979; 167: 585–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermelin B., O'Connor N. Functional asymmetry in the reading of braille. Neuropsychologia 1971; 9: 431–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hervouet F., Menager Y. Gaucherie, strabisme et amblyopie (Etude preliminaire.). Bulletin des Societes d'Ophtalmologie de France 1959; 59: 85–96
   Google Scholar
• Hilding A. C. On the effect of labyrinthine stimulation to deviation of the visual axes. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1956; 42: 621–629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hiles D. A., Hoyme S. H., McFarlane F. Down's syndrome and strabismus. American Orthoptic Journal 1974; 24: 63–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holman R. E., Merritt J. C. Infantile esotropia: Results in the neurologically impaired and ‘normal’ child at NCMH (six years). Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1986; 23: 41–44
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horak F. B., Shumway-Cook A., Crowe T. K., Black F. O. Vestibular function and motor proficiency of children with impaired hearing, or with learning disability and motor impairments. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1988; 30: 64–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt C. S. Abnormalities of the vestibulo-ocular response in congenital esotropia. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1982; 93: 704–708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt C. S., Caltrider N. Hemispheric visually-evoked responses in congenital esotropia. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1984; 21: 19–21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoyt C. S., Mousel D. K., Weber A. A. Transient supranuclear disturbances of gaze in healthy neonates. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1980; 89: 708–713
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugonnier R., Thevenin L. Les incidences neuro-psychiatriques du strabisme chez l'enfant. Bulletins des Societes d'Ophtalmologie de France 1955; 55: 427–431
   Google Scholar
• Hyde J. E., Toczek S. Functional relation of interstitial nucleus to rotatory movements evoked from zona incerta stimulation. Journal of Neurophysiology 1966; 29: 455–465
   Google Scholar
• Igarashi M., Takahashi M., Kubo T., Levy J. K., Homick J. L. Effect of macular ablation on vertical optokinetic nystagmus in the squirrel monkey. ORL; Journal of Oto-rhino-laryngology and Its Related Specialties 1978; 40: 312–318
   Google Scholar
• Inman W. S. An inquiry into the origin of squint, left-handedness and stammer. Lancet 1924; 2: 211–215
   Google Scholar
• Janowsky D. S., Davis J. M., El-Yousef M. K., Sekerke H. J. A cholinergic-adrenergic hypothesis of mania and depression. Lancet 1972; 2: 632–635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jayle G. Les reponses des strabiques a l'examen vestibulaire (nystagmus provoque normal, hypoexcitabilite vestibulaire, nystagmus provoque asymetrique). Bulletin de la Societe d'Ophtalmologie de Paris 1935; 47: 90–100
   Google Scholar
• Jezegebal C. Strabisme et dominance cerebrale. Bulletin des Societes d'Ophtalmologie de France 1968; 68: 213–218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kantner R. M., Clark D. L., Allen L. C., Chase M. F. Effects of vestibular stimulation on nystagmus response and motor performance in the developmentally delayed infant. Physical Therapy 1976; 56: 44–421
   Google Scholar
• Keane J. R. Ocular skew deviation. Analysis of 100 cases. Archives of Neurology 1975; 32: 185–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kinnear P. E., Jay B., Witkop C. J., Jr. Albinism. Survey of Ophthalmology 1985; 30: 75–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirsten E. B., Sharma J. N. Characteristics and response differences to iontophoretically applied norepinephrine, d-amphetamine and acetylcholine on neurons in the medial and lateral vestibular nuclei of the cat. Brain Research 1976; 112: 77–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohl R. L., Homick J. L. Motion sickness: A modulatory role for the central cholinergic nervous system. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 1983; 7: 73–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korein J. Iris pigmentation (melanin) in idiopathic dystonic syndromes including torticollis. Annals of Neurology 1981; 10: 53–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kriss A., Timms C., Elston J., Taylor D., Gresty M. Visual evoked potentials in dissociated vertical deviation: A reappraisal. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1989; 73: 265–270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lanthony P. Strabisme et dyslexie. Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe Francaise d'Ophtalmologie 1976; 88: 129–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lassig P. Die augigkeit—ihre notwendigkeit im system der augenbewegungen und schusfolgerungen aus ihrer funktionsbedingten reifung fur eine propyhlaxe des begleitschieleins. Padiatrie und Grenzgebiete 1980; 19: 157–166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavat J., Pinel J. P., Prigent G. Vision binoculaire et lateralisation. Bulletin des Societes d'Ophtalmologie de France 1967; 67: 290–298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavat J., Sales J., Prigent G. Premiers resultats d'une etude neuro-psycho-orthoptique des relations de la lateralite et de la vision binoculaire chez les enfants strabiques. Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe Francaise d'Ophtalmologie 1970; 83: 243–260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lennerstrand G. Motor dysfunction in strabismus. Strabismus and amblyopia: Experimental basis for advances in clinical management, G. Lennerstrand, G. K. Von Noorden, E. C. Campos. Plenum, New York 1988a; 5–21
   Google Scholar
• Lennerstrand G. Central motor control in concomitant strabismus. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology 1988b; 226: 172–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lessell S. Handedness and esotropia. Archives of Ophthalmology 1986; 104: 1492–1494
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levinson H. The cerebellar-vestibular basis of learning disabilities in children, adolescents and adults: Hypothesis and study. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1988; 67: 983–1006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson J. D., Gibbs E. L., Stillerman M. L., Perlstein M. A. Electroencephalogram and eye disorders. Pediatrics 1951; 7: 422–427
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lippmann O. Die entartungszeichen und die ueberwertigkeit einer korperhalfte in ihrer bedeutung fur das schielen. Klinishche Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkdunde 1934; 92: 370–384
   Google Scholar
• Loesch-Mdzewska D. Some aspects of the neurology of Down's syndrome. Journal of Mental Deficiency Research 1968; 12: 237–246
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowe R. F. The eyes in mongolism. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1949; 33: 131–174
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lueck C. J., Hamlyn P., Crawford T. J., Levy I. S., Brindley G. S., Watkins E. S., Kennard C. A case of ocular tilt reaction and torsional nystagmus due to direct stimulation of the midbrain in man. Brain 1991; 114: 2069–2079
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markham C. H., Diamond S. G., Simpson N. E. Ocular accommodative changes in humans induced by positional changes with respect to gravity. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 1977; 42: 332–340
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markham C. H., Precht W., Shimazu H. Effect of stimulation of interstitial nucleus of Cajal on vestibular unit activity in the cat. Journal of Neurophysiology 1966; 29: 493–507
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall P. Attention deficit disorder and allergy: A neurochemical model of the relation between the illnesses. Psychological Bulletin 1989; 106: 434–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo V., Cohen B. Vertical optokinetic nystagmus and vestibular nystagmus in the monkey: Up-down asymmetry and effects of gravity. Experimental Brain Research 1984; 53: 197–216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCormack G. L. Electrophysiologic evidence for normal optic nerve fiber projections in normally pigmented squinters. Investigative Ophthalmology 1975; 14: 931–935
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meduri R., Anselmi P., Negroni L. Lo stato dell'oculomozione conjugata in soggetti labirintolesi. Rivista di Neurologia 1969; 39: 297–314
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Millar J. H. D. Epilepsy and strabismus. Epilepsia 1965; 6: 43–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minor L. B., Goldberg J. M. Influence of static head position on the horizontal nystagmus evoked by caloric, rotational and optokinetic stimulation in the squirrel monkey. Experimental Brain Research 1990; 82: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdoch B. D., Reef H. E. Lateral dominance and visual evoked potentials in albinos. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1986; 62: 867–872
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mykelbust H. R. The psychology of deafness. Grune & Stratton, New York 1964
   Google Scholar
• Niederlandova Z. L'avorucnost pri strabizme. Ceskoslovenska Oftalmologie 1967; 23: 9–13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Niederlandova Z., Litvinenkova V. Stabilographic findings in strabismus. Aggressologie 1973; 14D: 33–36
   Google Scholar
• Nutt A. B. Abnormal head posture. British Orthoptic Journal 1967; 20: 18–28
   Google Scholar
• Odenrick P., Sandstedt P., Lennerstrand G. Postural sway and gait of children with convergent strabismus. Developmetal Medicine and Child Neurology 1984; 26: 495–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornitz E. M. Vestibular dysfunction in schizophrenia and childhood autism. Comprehensive Psychiatry 1970; 11: 159–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ornitz E. M. Normal and pathological maturation of vestibular function in the human child. Development of auditory and vestibular systems, R. Romand. Academic, New York 1983; 479–536
   Google Scholar
• Oster-Granite M. L., Gearhart J. D., Reeves R. H., Singer H. S., Moran T. H., Coyle J. T. Down syndrome and the trisomy 16 mouse. Animal models of dementia: A synaptic perspective, J. T. Coyle. Alan R. Liss, New York 1987; 297–307
   Google Scholar
• Pfaffenbach D. D., Cross H. E., Kearns T. P. Congenital anomalies in Duane's retraction syndrome. Archives of Ophthalmology 1972; 88: 635–639
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pigassou R. Dominance et amblyopie strabique. Bulletin de la Societe Belge d'Ophtalmology 1969; 151: 323–337
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pipe M.-E. Atypical lateralization and retardation. Psychological Bulletin 1988; 104: 343–347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pompeiano O. (1988) Basic aspects of vestibulospinal function. Proceedings of the symposium on vestibular organs and altered force environment. 1988, M. Igarashi, KG Nute. NASA Space Biomedical Research Institute, Houston, 1–23
   Google Scholar
• Porac C., Coren S. Lateral preferences and human behavior. Springer-Verlag, New York 1981
   Google Scholar
• Previc F. H. Functional specialization in the lower and upper visual fields in humans: Its ecological origins and neurophysiological implications. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1990; 13: 519–542
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Previc F. H. A general theory concerning the prenatal origins of cerebral lateralization in humans. Psychological Review 1991; 98: 299–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Previc F. H., Saucedo J. The relationship between lateral dommance and turning preference on the stepping test. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 1991; 17: 1576
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen P., Gillberg C., Waldenstrom E., Svenson B. Perceptual, motor and attentional deficits in seven-year-old children: Neurological and neurodevelopmental aspects. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 1983; 25: 315–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner-Smith V. Observations of ocular dominance in the binocular vision of children. Orthoptics: Past, present, future, S. Moore. Stratton, New York 1976; 311–315
   Google Scholar
• Saleman M., Defendini R., Correll J., Gilman S. Neuropathological changes in cerebellar biopsies in epileptic patients. Annals of Neurology 1978; 3: 10–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salman S. D., Von Noorden G. K. Induced vestibular nystagmus in strabismic patients. Annals of Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology 1970; 79: 352–357
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sano K., Sekino H., Tsukamoto Y., Yoshimasu N., Ishijima B. Stimulation and destruction of the region of the interstitial nucleus in cases of torticollis and see saw nystagmus. Confinia Neurologica 1972; 34: 331–338
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schilder P. The vestibular apparatus in neurosis and psychosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1933; 78: 1–23; 137–164
   Google Scholar
• Schneider C. W. Monocular and binocular perception of verticality and the relationship of ocular dominance. American Journal of Psychology 1966; 79: 632–636
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwindt P. C., Richter A., Precht W. Short latency utricular and canal input to ipsilateral abducens motoneurons. Brain Research 1973; 60: 259–262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon J. W., Kandel G. L., Krohel G. B., Nelsen P. T. Albinotic characteristics in congenital nystagmus. American Journal of Ophthalmology 1984; 97: 320–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh I., Zolese G. Is mania really incompatible with Down's syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 148: 613–614
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skeller E., Oster J. Eye symptoms in mongolism. Acta Ophthalmologica 1951; 29: 149–161
   Google Scholar
• Slavik B. A. Vestibular function in children with nonparalytic strabismus. The Occupational Therapy Journal of Research 1982; 2: 220–223
   Google Scholar
• Smith W. Vergence-eye-movement responses to whole-body linear acceleration in man. Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 1985; 5: 303–311
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper H. V., Satz P. Pathological left-handedness and ambiguous handedness: A new explanatory model. Neuropsychologia 1984; 22: 511–515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein J., Riddell P., Fowler S. Disordered right hemisphere function in developmental dyslexia. Brain and reading, C. Von Euler, I. Lundberg, G. Lennerstrand. Stockton, New York 1989; 139–157
   Google Scholar
• Stockwell E. Visual defects in the deaf child. Archives of Ophthalmology 1952; 48: 428–432
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor W. O. G. Visual disabilities of oculocutaneous albinism and their alleviation. Transactions of the Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom 1978; 98: 423–445
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tonge B. J., Lipton G. L., Crawford G. Psychological and educational correlates of strabismus in school children. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 18: 71–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tychsen L., Hurtig R. R., Scott W. E. Pursuit is impaired but the vestibulo-ocular reflex is normal in infantile strabismus. Archives of Ophthalmology 1985; 103: 536–539
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tychsen L., Lisberger S. G. Maldevelopment of visual motion processing in humans who had strabismus with onset in infancy. The Journal of Neuroscience 1986; 6: 2495–2508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urist M. J. Horizontal squint with secondary vertical deviations. Archives of Ophthalmology 1951; 46: 245–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Neerven J., Pompeiano O., Collewijn H., Van Der Steen J. Injections of β-noradrenergic substances in the flocculus of rabbits affect adaptation of the VOR gain. Experimental Brain Research 1990; 79: 249–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venables W. A. The incidence of squint in minimally handicapped children. British Orthoptic Journal 1967; 24: 53–55
   Google Scholar
• Von Noorden G. K. Binocular vision and ocular motility (4th ed). C. V. Mosby, St. Louis 1990
   Google Scholar
• Waterhouse B. D. Electrophysiological assessment of monoamine synaptic function in neuronal circuits of seizure susceptible brains. Life Sciences 1986; 39: 807–818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westheimer G., Blair S. M. Oculomotor defects in cerebellectomized monkeys. Investigative Ophthalmology 1973; 12: 618–621
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westheimer G., Blair S. M. The ocular tilt reaction—a brainstem oculomotor routine. Investigative Ophthalmology 1975; 14: 833–839
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams A. S., Hoyt C. S. Acute comitant esotropia in children with brain tumors. Archives of Ophthalmology 1989; 107: 376–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zee D. S., Friendlich A. R., Robinson D. A., Eng D. The mechanism of downbeat nystagmus. Archives of Neurology 1974; 30: 227–237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar