Nocturnal Melatonin Secretion in Multiple Sclerosis Patients with Affective Disorders

References

• American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd edition. Washington, DC 1987
   Google Scholar
• Aring C. D. Observations on multiple sclerosis and conversion hysteria. Brain 1965; 88: 663–674
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad A. G. Schizophrenia and multiple sclerosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1983; 171: 323–324
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bal A., Vazquez-Barquero J. L., Pena C., Miro J., Berciano J. A. Psychiatric aspects of multiple sclerosis. Acta Psychiatrica Scnadinavica 1990; 83: 292–296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin M. V. A clinico-experimental investigation into the psychologic aspects of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1952; 115: 299–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baretz R. M., Stephenson G. K. Emotional responses to multiple sclerosis. Psychosomatics 1981; 22: 117–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck-Friis J., Wetterberg L. Melatonin and the pineal gland in depressive disorders. Hormones and depression, U. Halbreich. Raven Press, New York 1987; 195–206
   Google Scholar
• Beck-Friis J., Von Rosen D., Kjellman B. F., Ljunggren J. G., Wetterberg L. Melatonin in relation to body measures, sex, age, season and use of drugs in patients with major affective disorders and healthy subjects. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1984; 9: 261–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck-Friis J., Ljunggren J. F., Thoren M. McLatonin, cortisol and ACTH in patients with major depressive disorder and healthy humans with special reference to the outcome of the dexamathasone suppression test. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1985b; 10: 173–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell I. R., Edman J. S., Miller J., Hebben N., Linn R. T., Ray D., Kayne H. L. Relationship of normal serum vitamin B12 and folate levels to cognitive test performance in subtypes of geriatric major depression. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology 1990; 3: 98–105
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bignami A., Gherardi D., Gallo G. Sclerosi a placche acuta a localizzazione ipotalamica con sintomatologia psichia di tipo malinconcio. Riv Neurologica 1961; 31: 240–268
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boyce P. M. 6-sulphatoxy melatonin in melancholia. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 125–127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brain W. R. Multiple sclerosis. Brain's diseases of the nervous system, J. N. Walton. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1977; 544–546
   Google Scholar
• Brown R., Kocsis J. H., Caroff S., Amsterdam J., Winokur A., Stokes P. E., Frazer A. Differences in nocturnal melatonin secretion between melancholic depressed patients and control subjects. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 811–816
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownell B., Hughes J. T. The distribution of plaques in the cerebrum in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1962; 25: 315–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carney M. W. P., Toone B. K., Reynolds E. H. S-adenosylmethioninc and affective disorder. American Journal of Medicine 1987; 83: 104–106, (suppl 5A)
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaigne P., Escourelle R., Laplane D., Augustine P. Comas transitoires avec hyper-thermie au cours de la sclerose en plaques. Encephale 1966; 55: 191–211
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cavallo A., Holt K. G., Hejazi M. S., Richards G. E., Meyer W. J. Melatonin circadian rhythm in childhood depression. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescence Psychiatry 1985; 26: 395–309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charcot J. M. Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System, G. Sigerson. New Sydenham Society, London 1877, Translated from the French by
   Google Scholar
• Claustrat B., Chazol G., Brun J., Jordan D., Sassolas G. A chronobiological study of melatonin and cortisol secretion in depressed subjects: plasma melatonin, a biochemical marker in major depression. Biological Psychiatry 1984; 19: 1215–1228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claustrat B., Brun J., Mallo C., Faure A., Zaidan K., Touitou Y., Chazot G. Melatonin in humans: methodological and ethical problems in clinical studies. Fundamentals and clinics in pineal research, G. P. Trentini, C. De Gaetani, P. Pevet. Raven Press, New York 1987; 321–328
   Google Scholar
• Claveria L. E., Curzon G., Harrison M. J. G., Kantamaneni B. D. Amine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with disseminated sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1974; 37: 715–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleeland C. S., Mathews C. G., Hopper C. L. MMPI profiles in exacerbation and remission of multiple sclerosis. Psychological Reports 1970; 27: 373–374
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottrell S. S., Wilson S. A. K. The affective symptomatology of disseminated sclerosis. Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology 1926; 25: 1–30
   Google Scholar
• Cremieux A., Alliez J., Tonga M., Pache R. Sclerose en plaques a debut par troubles mentaux: Etude Anatomo-Clinique. Revue Neurologique (Paris). 1959; 101: 45–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Curzon G., Green A. R. Effect of hydrocortisone on rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. Life Sciences 1968; 7: 657–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalos N. P., Rabins P. V., Brooks B. R., O'Donnell P. Disease activity and emotional state in multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 1983; 13: 573–577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daramola G. F., Olowu A. O. Physiological and radiological implications of a low incidence of pineal calcification in nigeria. Neuroendocrinology 1972; 9: 41–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson D., Pullar I. A., Mawdsley C., Kinloch N., Yates M. Monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1977; 40: 741–745
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dommisse J. Subtle vitamin B12 deficiency and psychiatry: a largely unnoticed but devastating relationship. Medical Hypotheses 1991; 34: 131–140
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dore-Daffy P., Catalanotto F., Donaldson J. O., Ostrom K. M., Testa M. A. Zinc in multiple sclerosis. Annals of Neurology 1983; 14: 450–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drake M. E. Emotional responses to multiple sclerosis. Psychosomatics 1984; 25: 60–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanget F., Claustrat B., Dalery J., Brub J., Terra J. L., Marie-Cardine M., Guyotat J. Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry 1989; 25: 499–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrier I. N., Arendt J., Johnstone E. C., Crow T. J. Reduced nocturnal melatonin secretion in chronic schizophrenia: relationship to body weight. Clinical Endocrinology 1982; 17: 181–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filley C. M., Heaton R. K., Nelson L. M., Burks J. S., Franklin G. M. A comparison of dementia in Alzheimer's disease and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology 1989; 46: 157–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franklin G. M., Nelson L. M., Filley C. M., Heaton R. K. Cognitive loss in multiple sclerosis. Case reports and review of the literature. Archives of Neurology 1989; 46: 162–167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfield D. A. S. Multiple sclerosis and affective disorder: 2 case reports of mania with psychosis. Psychotherapy & Psychosomatics 1985; 44: 25–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geocaris K. Psychotic episodes heralding the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 1957; 21: 107–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodstein R. K., Ferrell R. B. Multiple sclerosis presenting as depressive illness. Diseases of the Nervous System 1977; 38: 127–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollender M. H., Steckler P. P. Multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia: a case report. Psychiatry in Medicine 1972; 3: 251–257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Honer W. G., Hurwitz T., Li D. K. B., Palmer M., Paty D. W. Temporal lobe involvement in multiple sclerosis patients with psychiatric disorders. Archives of Neurology 1987; 44: 187–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joffe R. T., Lippert G. P., Gray T. A. Mood disorder and multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology 1987; 44: 376–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson B., Roos B. E. 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with neurological diseases. European Neurology 1974; 11: 37–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson M. A., Li D. K. B., Bryant D. J. Magnetic resonance imaging: serial observations in multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Neuroradiology 1984; 5: 495–499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kagan B. L., Sultzer D. L., Rosenlicht N., Gerner R. H. Oral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 591–595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahana E., Leibowitz W., Alter M. Cerebral multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1971; 21: 1179–1185
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamalian N., Keesey R. E., ZuRhein G. M. Lateral hypothalamic demyelination and cachexia in a case of “malignant” multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1975; 25: 25–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kellner C. H., Davenport Y., Post R. M., Ross R. J. Rapidly cycling bipolar disorder and multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1984; 141: 112–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein D. C., Weller J. L. Indole metabolism in the pineal gland: a circadian rhythm in N-acetyltransferase. Science 1970; 169: 1093–1095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koopmans R. A., Li D. K. B., Oger J. J. F., Mayo J., Paty D. W. The lesion of multiple sclerosis: imaging of acute and chronic stages. Neurology 1989; 39: 959–963
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kripke D. F. Phase-advance theories for affective illnesses. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry, T. A. Wehr, F. K. Goodwin. Boxwood, Pacific Grove, CA 1983; 41–69
   Google Scholar
• Kronfol Z. Multiple sclerosis and depression. Archives of Neurology 1985; 42: 310
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leibowitz U., Kahana E., Jacobson S. G., Alter M. The cause of death in multiple sclerosis. Progress in multiple sclerosis, U. Leibowitz. Academic Press, New York 1972; 196–209
   Google Scholar
• Lemere F. Psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1966; 122: 55–58
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Wehr T. A., Gold P. W., Goodwin F. K. Plasma melatonin in manic-depressive illness. Catecholamines: basic and clinical frontiers, E. Usdin, I. J. Kopin, J. Barchas. Pergamon Press, Elmsford, NY 1979; 1173–1175
   Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Wehr T. A., Goodwin F. K., Newsome D. A., Rosenthal N. E. Manic depressive patients may be supersensitive to light. Lancet 1981; 1: 383–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Kern H. A., Rosenthal K. E., Wehr T. A. Bright artificial light treatment of a manic-depressive patient with a seasonal mood cycle. Lancet 1982; 1: 383–384
   Google Scholar
• Lewy A. J., Nurnberger J. I., Wehr T. A., Pack D., Becker L. E., Powell R. L., Newsome D. A. Supersensitivity lo light: Possible trait marker for manic depressive illness. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 725–727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumsden C. E. The neuropathology of multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating diseases. Handbook of clinical neurology, P. J. Vinken, G. W. Bruyn. North Holland, Amsterdam 1968; Vol. 9: 217–309
   Google Scholar
• Macpherson P., Matheson M. S. Comparison of calcification of pineal, habenular commissure and choroid plexus in plain films and computed tomography. Radiology 1979; 18: 67–72
   Google Scholar
• Marie-Cardine M., Guyotat J. Nocturnal plasma melatonin levels in schizophrenic patients. Biological Psychiatry 1989; 25: 499–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre I. M., Judd F. K., Norman T. R., Burrows G. D. Plasma melatonin concentrations in depression. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 20: 381–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIntyre I. M., Judd F. K., Burrows G. D., Armstrong S. M., Norman T. K. Plasma concentrations of melatonin in panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 462–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIvor G. P., Riklan M., Reznikoff M. Depression in multiple sclerosis as a function of length and severity of illness, age, remissions, and perceived social support. Journal of Clinical Psychology 1984; 40: 1078–1033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLoughlin I. J., Hodge J. S. Zinc in depressive disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 1900; 82: 451–453
   Google Scholar
• Mendez M. F., Frey W. H. Multiple sclerosis dementia. Neurology 1992; 42: 696
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendlewicz J., Linkowski P., Branchey L. Abnormal 24 hr pattern of melatonin secretion in depression. Lancet 1979; 2: 1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles A., Philbrick D. R. S. Melatonin and psychiatry. Biological Psychiatry 1988; 23: 405–425
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles A., Philbrick D. R. S., Shaw D. M., Tidmarsh S. F., Pugh A. J. Salivary melatonin estimation in clinical research. Clinical Chemistry 1985; 31: 2041–2047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minden S. L., Schiffer K. B. Affective disorders in multiple sclerosis. Review and recommendations for clinical research. Archives Neurology 1990; 47: 98–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell D. R., Swirsky-Sacchetti T., Knobler K. L., Gonzales C., Seward J., Field H. I., Santiago R., Lublin F. D. Correlation of mood state with cerebral MRI and severity of illness in patients with MS. Neurology 1991; 41: 145, (suppl I)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monaco F., Fumero S., Mondino A., Mutani R. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid tryptophan in multiple sclerosis and degenerative diseases. Journal of Neurology. Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1979; 42: 640–641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore K. Y. Central neural control of circadian rhythms. Frontiers in neuroendocrinology, W. F. Ganong, L. Martin. Raven Press, New York 1978; 1: 185
   Google Scholar
• Moore-Ede M., Czeisler C., Richardson G. Circadian timekeeping in health and disease: part 2. New England Journal of Medicine 1983; 309: 530–536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder D. W. Psychosis with brain tumors and other neurologic disorders. American handbook of psychiatry, S. Arieti. Basic Books, New York 1959; 457
   Google Scholar
• Mullen P. E., Silman R. E. The pineal and psychiatry: a review. Psychological Medicine 1977; 7: 407–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mur J., Kumpel G, Dostal S. An anergic phase of disseminated selerosis with psychotic course. Confin Neurology 1966; 28: 37–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nair N. P., Hariharasubramanian N., Pilapil C. Circadian rhythm of plasma melatonin in endogenous depression. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry 1984; 8: 715–718
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Malley P. P. Severe mental symptoms in disseminated sclerosis. A neuropathological study. Journal of the Irish Medical Association 1966; 55: 115–127
   Google Scholar
• Padovani A., Millefiorini E., Pozzilli C., Bastianello S., Bernardi S., Pierallini A., Lenzi G. L., Fieschi C. No relationships between depression and either cognitive deficits or MRI findings in patients with mild multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1991; 41: 144, (suppl 1)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parker N. Disseminated sclerosis presenting as schizophrenia. Medical Journal of Australia 1956; 1: 405–407
   Google Scholar
• Parry B. L., Berga S. L., Mostofi N., Sependa P. A., Kripke D. F., Gillin J. C. Morning versus evening bright light treatment of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1215–1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parry B. L., Berga S. L., Kripke D. F., Klauber M. R., Laughlin G. A., Yen S. S. C., Gillin J. C. Altered wave form of plasma notumal melatonin secretion in premenstrual depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 1990; 47: 1139–1146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelham R. W., Vaughan G. M., Sandock K. L., Vaughan M. K. Twenty-four-hour cycle of a melatonin-like substance in the plasma of human males. Clinical Endocrinology 1973; 37: 341–344
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peselow E. D., Deutsch S. I., Fieve R. R. Coexistent manic symptoms and multiple sclerosis. Psychosomatics 1981; 22: 824–825
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poser C. M., Paty D. W., Scheinberg L. New diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis; guidelines for research protocols. Annals of Neurology 1983; 13: 227–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quercy P., De Lachaud R., Durand R. Sur I'epiphyse et des formations paraepiphysaires chez l'homme adulte. Reveu Neurologique 1938; 69: 483–490
   Google Scholar
• Rao S. M., Leo G. J. Mood disorder in multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology 1988; 45: 247–248
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rao S. M., Hammeke T. A., McQuillen M. P., Khdtri B. O., Lloyd D. Memory disturbance in chronic progressive multiple sclerosis. Archives of Neurology 1984; 41: 625–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richard L. C. D. R., Hall C. W., Joffe J. R. Hypomagnesemia. Physical and psychiatric symptoms. Journal of the American Medical Association 1973; 224: 1749–1751
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenthal N. E., Sack D. A., Carpenter C. J., Parry B., Mendelson W. B., Wehr T. A. Antidepressant effects of light in seasonal affective disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry 1985; 142: 163–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusak B. Assessment and significance of rhythm disruptions in affective illness. Neuroendocrinology and psychiatric disorder, G. M. Brown, S. H. Koslow, S. Reichlin. Raven Press, New York 1984
   Google Scholar
• Sadovnick A. D., Eisen K., Ebers G. C., Paty D. W. Cause of death in patients attending multiple sclerosis clinics. Neurology 1991; 41: 1193–1196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salguero L. F., Itabashi H. H., Gutierrez N. B. Childhood multiple sclerosis with psychotic manifestations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1969; 32: 572–579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Coexisting bipolar affective disorder and multiple sclerosis: The role of the pineal gland. International Journal of Neuroscience 1991; 59: 267–270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. The pineal gland and multiple sclerosis. (Editorial). International Journal of Neuroscience 1992; 63: 206–215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R. Treatment of multiple sclerosis with magnetic fields. International Journal of Neuroscience, in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Kay S. R. Pineal melatonin in schizophrenia: a review and hypothesis. Schizophrenia Bulletin 1990; 16: 653–662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Awerbuch G. I. The pineal gland in multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Neuroscience 1991; 61: 61–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Awerbuch G. I. Nocturnal plasma melatonin and alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone levels during exacerbation of multiple sclerosis. International Journal of Neuroscience, in press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandyk R., Awerbuch G. I., Kay S. R. Pineal gland calcification and tardive dyskinesia. Lancet 1990; 335: 1528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffer R. B. The spectrum of depression in multiple sclerosis. An approach for clinical management. Archives of Neurology 1987; 44: 596–599
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiffer R. B., Babigian H. M. Behavioral disorders in multiple sclerosis, temporal lobe epilepsy, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an epidemiologic study. Archives of Neurology 1984; 41: 1067–1069
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffer R. B., Wineman N. M. Antidepressant pharmacotherapy of depression associated with multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1493–1497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffer R. B., Caine E. D., Bamford K. A. Depressive episodes in patients with multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1983; 140: 1498–1500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffer R. B., Wineman N. M., Weitkamp L. R. Association between bipolar affective disorder and multiple sclerosis. American Journal of Psychiatry 1986; 143: 94–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schildkraut I. J. The catecholamine hypothesis of affective disorders: a review of supporting evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry 1965; 122: 509–522
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siever L. J., Coccaro E. F., Davis K. L. Chronobiologic instability of the noradrenergic system in depression. Chronobiology and psychiatric disorders, A. Halaris. Elsevier, New York 1987; 1–21
   Google Scholar
• Solomon J. G. Multiple sclerosis masquerading as lithium toxicity. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 1978; 166: 663–665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonninen V., Riekkinen P., Rinne U. K. Acid monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1973; 23: 760–763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanley M., Brown G. M. Melatonin levels are reduced in the pineal glands of suicide victims. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1989; 24: 484–488
   Google Scholar
• Surridge D. An investigation into sonic psychiatric aspects of multiple sclerosis. British Journal of Psychiatry 1969; 115: 749–764
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tetsuo M., Markey S. P., Kopin I. J. Mesuremen of 6-hydroxymelatonin in human urine and its clinical variations. Life Sciences 1980; 27: 105–109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trentini G. P., De Gaetani S. F., Criscuolo M., Migaldi M., Ferrari G. pineal calcification in different physiopathological conditions in humans. Fundamentals and clinics in pineal research, G. P. Trentini, C. De Gaetani, P. Pevet. Raven Press, New York 1987; 291–304
   Google Scholar
• Wehr T. A., Goodwin F. K. Circadian rhythm desynchronization as a basis for manic-depressive cycles. Psychopharmacology Bulletin 1980; 16: 19–20
   Google Scholar
• Wehr T. A., Goodwin F. K. Biological rhythms and psychiatry. American handbook of psychiatry, S. Arienti, H. K.H. Brodie. Basic Rooks, New York 1981; Vol. 7: 46–74
   Google Scholar
• Wehr T. A., Goodwin F. K. Biological rhythms in manic-depressive illness. Circadian rhythms in psychiatry, T. A. Wehr, F. K. Goodwin. Boxwood, Pacific Grove, CA 1983; 129–194
   Google Scholar
• Welsh M. G. Pineal calcification: structural and functional aspects. Pineal Research Reviews 1985; 3: 41–68
   Google Scholar
• Wetterberg L. Pineal organ-clinical aspects. The pineal organphotobiology-biochronometry-endocrinology, A. Oksche, P. Pevet. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1981; 345–354
   Google Scholar
• Wetterberg L. The relationship between the pineal gland and the pituitary-adrenal axis in health, endocrine and psychiatric conditions. Psychoneuroendocrinology 1983; 8: 75–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever R. Einfluss schwacher Elektro-Magnetischer Felder auf die Circadiane Periodik des Menschen. Naturwissenschaften 1968; 55: 29–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wever R. Circadian rhythmicity of man under the influence of weak electromagnetic fields. Electromagnetic fields and circadian rhythmicity, M. C. Moore-Ede, S. S. Campbell, R. J. Reiter. Birkhauser, Boston 1992; 121–139
   Google Scholar
• White R. F. Emotional and cognitive correlates of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neuropsychiatry 1990; 2: 422–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Whitlock F. A., Siskind M. M. Depression as a major symptom of multiple sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 1980; 42: 861–865
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong E. K., Enomoto H., Leopold I. H., Fleischer E. R., Schoon E. U., Fender O., Tucker H. G., Adamson R., Kladde L., Kazan D., Nudleman K. Plasma zinc levels in multiple sclerosis. Metabolism and Pediatric Opthalamology 1980; 4: 3–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yocca F. D., DePaul Lynch V., Friedman E. Effect of chronic lithium treatment on rat pineal rhythms: N-acetyltransferase, N-acetylserotonin and melatonin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 1983; 226: 733–737
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young S. N., Ghadirian A. M. Folic acid and psychopathology. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 1989; 13: 841–863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young I. R., Hall A. S., Pallis C. A. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1981; 2: 1063–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerssen D. V. What is wrong with circadian clocks in depression. Chronobiology and psychiatric disorders, A. Halaris. Elsevier, New York 1987; 159–179
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman H. M., Netzky M. G. The pathology of multiple sclerosis. Research Publications of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease 1950; 28: 271–279
   PubMedGoogle Scholar