The senescence pathway in prostatic carcinogenesis

References

• Haas GP, Sakr WA. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. CA Cancer J Clin 1997; 47: 273–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guileyardo JM, Johnson WD, Welsh RA, et al Prevalence of latent prostate carcinoma in two U.S. populations. J Natl Cancer Inst 1980; 65: 311–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Untergasser G, Koch HB, Menssen A, et al Characterization of epithelial senescence by serial analysis of gene expression: identification of genes potentially involved in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 6255–6262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacs SD, Kiemeney LA, Baffoe BA, et al Risk of cancer in relatives of prostate cancer probands. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995; 87: 991–996.
   Google Scholar
• Gonzalgo ML, Isaacs WB. Molecular pathways to prostate cancer. J Urol 2003; 170: 2444–2452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres K, Horwitz SB. Mechanisms of Taxol-induced cell death are concentration dependent. Cancer Res 1998; 3620–3626.
   Google Scholar
• Chang BD, Broude EV, Dokmanovic M, et al A senescence-like phenotype distinguishes tumor cells that undergo terminal proliferation arrest after exposure to anticancer agents. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 3761–3767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayflick L, Moorhead PS. The serial cultivation of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 1961; 25: 585–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krtolica A, Campisi J. Cancer and aging: a model for the cancer promoting effects of the aging stroma. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2002; 34: 1401–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campisi J. Senescent cells, tumor suppression, and organismal aging: good citizens, bad neighbors. Cell 2005; 120: 513–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bavik C, Coleman I, Dean J, et al The gene expression program of prostate fibroblast senescence modulates neoplastic epithelial cell proliferation through paracrine mechanisms. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 794–802.
   Google Scholar
• Hayflick L. The limited in vitro life time of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res 1965; 37: 614–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allsopp RC, Vaziri H, Patterson C, et al Telomere length predicts replicative capacity of human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89: 10114–10118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbig U, Jobling WA, Chen BP, et al Telomere shortening triggers senescence of human cells through a pathway involving ATM, p53, and p21(CIP1), but not p16(INK4a). Mol Cell 2004; 14: 501–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braig M, Schmitt CA. Oncogene-induced senescence: putting the brakes on tumor development. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 2881–2884.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimri GP, Lee X, Basile G, et al A biomarker that identifies senescent human cells in culture and in aging skin in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 9363–9367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brenner AJ, Stampfer MR, Aldaz CM. Increased p16 expression with first senescence arrest in human mammary epithelial cells and extended growth capacity with p16 inactivation. Oncogene 1998; 17: 199–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stampfer MR, Garbe J, Levine G, et al Expression of the telomerase catalytic subunit, hTERT, induces resistance to transforming growth factor beta growth inhibition in p16INK4A(−) human mammary epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 4498–4503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein JC, Rodier F, Garbe JC, et al Caspase-independent cytochrome c release is a sensitive measure of low-level apoptosis in cell culture models. Aging Cell 2005; 4: 217–222.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li Y, Pan J, Li JL, et al Transcriptional changes associated with breast cancer occur as normal human mammary epithelial cells overcome senescence barriers and become immortalized. Mol Cancer 2007; 18: 6:7.
   Google Scholar
• Shelton DN, Chang E, Whittier PS, et al Microarray analysis of replicative senescence. Curr Biol 1999; 9: 939–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaloglou C, Vredeveld LC, Soengas MS, et al BRAFE600-associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi. Nature 2005; 436: 720–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruis NA, van der Velden PA, Sandkuijl LA, et al Homozygotes for CDKN2 (p16) germline mutation in Dutch familial melanoma kindreds. Nat Genet 1995; 10: 351–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett DC, Medrano EE. Molecular regulation of melanocyte senescence. Pigment Cell Res 2002; 15: 242–250.
   Google Scholar
• Collado M, Gil J, Efeyan A, et al Tumour biology: senescence in premalignant tumours. Nature 2005; 436: 642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Chaiswing L, Bakthavatchalu V, et al Ras mutation promotes p53 activation and apoptosis of skin keratinocytes. Carcinogenesis 2006; 27: 1692–1698.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen Z, Trotman LC, Shaffer D, et al Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis. Nature 2005; 436: 725–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones KR, Elmore LW, Jackson-Cook C, et al p53-Dependent accelerated senescence induced by ionizing radiation in breast tumour cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2005; 81: 445–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crescenzi E, Palumbo G, Brady HJ. Bcl-2 activates a programme of premature senescence in human carcinoma cells. Biochem J 2003; 375: 263–274.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng J, Wang L, Li Q, et al FoxM1 is up-regulated in gastric cancer and its inhibition leads to cellular senescence, partially dependent on p27 kip1. J Pathol 2009; 218: 419–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi A, Kato K, Kuboyama A, et al Induction of senescence by progesterone receptor-B activation in response to cAMP in ovarian cancer cells. Gynecol Oncol 2009; 113: 270–276.
   Google Scholar
• Beausejour CM, Krtolica A, Galimi F, et al Reversal of human cellular senescence: roles of the p53 and p16 pathways. EMBO J 2003; 22: 4212–4222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi A, Ohtani N, Yamakoshi K, et al Mitogenic signaling and the p16INK4a-Rb pathway cooperate to enforce irreversible cellular senescence. Nat Cell Biol 2006; 8: 1291–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cosme-Blanco W, Shen MF, Lazar AJ, et al Telomere dysfunction suppresses spontaneous tumorigenesis in vivo by initiating p53-dependent cellular senescence. EMBO Rep 2007; 8: 497–503.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawamoto H, Koizumi H, Uchikoshi T. Expression of the G2-M checkpoint regulators cyclin B1 and cdc2 in nonmalignant and malignant human breast lesions: immunocytochemical and quantitative image analyses. Am J Pathol 1997; 150: 15–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Yoshida H, Nakano K, et al Expression of G2-M modulators in thyroid neoplasms: correlation of cyclin A, B1 and cdc2 with differentiation. Pathol Res Pract 2002; 198: 397–402.
   Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Kang MJ, Park CU, et al Amplified CDK2 and cdc2 activities in primary colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1999; 85: 546–553.
   Google Scholar
• Jin YH, Park CK. Expression of cyclin B1 and cdc2 in nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and its prognostic implications. J Korean Med Sci 2002; 17: 322–327.
   Google Scholar
• Banerjee SK, Weston AP, Zoubine MN, et al Expression of cdc2 and cyclin B1 in Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric MALT and MALT lymphoma: relationship to cell death, proliferation, and transformation. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 217–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Zhu S, Cloughesy TF, et al p53 disruption profoundly alters the response of human glioblastoma cells to DNA topoisomerase I inhibition. Oncogene 2004; 23: 1283–1290.
   Google Scholar
• Roberson RS, Kussick SJ, Vallieres E, et al Escape from therapy-induced accelerated cellular senescence in p53-null lung cancer cells and in human lung cancers. Cancer Res 2005; 65: 2795–2803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tounekti O, Pron G, Belehradek J, et al Bleomycin, an apoptosis-mimetic drug that induces two types of cell death depending on the number of molecules internalized. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 5462–5469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lock RB, Stribinskiene L. Dual modes of death induced by etoposide in human epithelial tumor cells allow Bcl-2 to inhibit apoptosis without affecting clonogenic survival. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 4006–4012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres K, Horwitz SB. Mechanisms of Taxol-induced cell death are concentration-dependent. Cancer Res 1998; 58: 3620–3626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang BD, Xuan Y, Broude EV, et al Role of p53 and p21waf1/cip1 in senescence-like terminal proliferation arrest induced in human tumor cells by chemotherapeutic drugs. Oncogene 1999; 18: 4808–4818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modrak DE, Leon E, Goldenberg DM, et al Ceramide regulates gemcitabine-induced senescence and apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cell lines. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7: 890–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger CC, Drivdahl RH, Woodke LB, et al Senescence-induced alterations of laminin chain expression modulate tumorigenicity of prostate cancer cells. Neoplasia 2008; 10: 1350–1361.
   Google Scholar
• Gabai VL, Yaglom JA, Waldman T, et al Heat shock protein Hsp72 controls oncogene-induced senescence pathways in cancer cells. Mol Cell Biol 2009; 29: 559–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henshall SM, Quinn DI, Lee CS, et al Overexpression of the cell cycle inhibitor p16INK4A in high grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia predicts early relapse in prostate cancer patients treated with radical prostatectomy. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 544–550.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Braig M, Lee S, Loddenkemper C, et al Oncogene-induced senescence as an initial barrier in lymphoma development. Nature 2005; 436: 660–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Rosen DG, Yao JL, et al Expression of p14ARF, p15INK4b, p16INK4a, and DCR2 increases during prostate cancer progression. Mod Pathol 2006; 19: 1339–1343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang LQ, Lee CS, Scolyer RA, et al Progression in melanoma is associated with decreased expression of death receptors for tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. Hum Pathol 2006; 37: 1286–1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper WA, Kohonen-Corish MR, Zhuang L, et al Role and prognostic significance of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand death receptor DR5 in nonsmall-cell lung cancer and precursor lesions. Cancer 2008; 113: 135–142.
   Google Scholar
• Zheng X, Chou PM, Mirkin BL, Rebbaa A. Senescence-initiated reversal of drug resistance: Specific role of Cathepsin L. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 1773–1780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwarze SR, Fu VX, Desotelle JA, et al The identification of senescence-specific genes during the induction of senescence in prostate cancer cells. Neoplasia 2005; 7: 816–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Trotman LC, Shaffer D, et al Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis. Nature 2005; 436: 725–730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petti C, Molla A, Vegetti C, et al Coexpression of NRASQ61R and BRAFV600E in human melanoma cells activates senescence and increases susceptibility to cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 6503–6511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xue W, Zender L, Miething C, et al Senescence and tumour clearance is triggered by p53 restoration in murine liver carcinomas. Nature 2007; 445: 656–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewald J, Desotelle J, Almassi N, et al Drug-induced senescence bystander proliferation in prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Br J Cancer 2008; 98: 1244–1249.
   Google Scholar
• Sommerfeld HJ, Meeker AK, Piatyszek MA, et al Telomerase activity: a prevalent marker of malignant human prostate tissue. Cancer Res 1996; 56: 218–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scates DK, Muir GH, Venitt S, et al Detection of telomerase activity in human prostate: a diagnostic marker for prostatic cancer? Br J Urol 1997; 80: 263–268.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin Y, Uemura H, Fujinami K, et al Telomerase activity in primary prostate cancer. J Urol 1997; 157: 1161–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Incles CM, Schultes CM, Kempski H, et al A G-quadruplex telomere targeting agent produces p16-associated senescence and chromosomal fusions in human prostate cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2004; 3: 1201–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprenger C, Vail M, Evans K, et al Over-expression of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-related protein-1 (IGFBP-rP1/mac25) in the M12 prostate cancer cell line alters tumor growth by a delay in G1 and cyclin A associated apoptosis. Oncogene 2002; 21: 140–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uzgare AR, Xu Y, Isaacs JT. In vitro culturing and characteristics of transit amplifying epithelial cells from human prostate tissue. J Cell Biochem 2004; 91: 196–205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang DG, Patrawala L, Calhoun T, et al Prostate cancer stem/progenitor cells: identification, characterization, and implications. Mol Carcinog 2007; 46: 1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman BJ, Feldman D. The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1: 34–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konishi N, Shimada K, Nakamura M, et al Function of JunB in transient amplifying cell senescence and progression of human prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 4408–4416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg PW, Schmid SL. Caveolin, cholesterol and Ras signalling. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1: E35–E37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bennett N, Hooper JD, Lee CS, et al Androgen receptor and caveolin-1 in prostate cancer. IUBMB Life 2009; 61: 961–970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams TM, Lisanti MP. Caveolin-1 in oncogenic transformation, cancer, and metastasis. Am J Physiol 2005; 288: C494–C506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Yang G, Ebara S, Satoh T, et al Caveolin-1 mediates testosterone-stimulated survival/clonal growth and promotes metastatic activities in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 4386–4392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G, Truong LD, Timme TL, et al Elevated expression of caveolin is associated with prostate and breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1998; 4: 1873–1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir SA, Yang G, Ebara S, et al Secreted caveolin-1 stimulates cell survival/clonal growth and contributes to metastasis in androgen-insensitive prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2001; 61: 3882–3885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho CC, Huang PH, Huang HY, et al Up-regulated caveolin-1 accentuates the metastasis capability of lung adenocarcinoma by inducing filopodia formation. Am J Pathol 2002; 161: 1647–1656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joo HJ, Oh DK, Kim YS, et al Increased expression of caveolin-1 and microvessel density correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BJU Int 2004; 93: 291–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kato K, Hida Y, Miyamoto M, et al Overexpression of caveolin-1 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma correlates with lymph node metastasis and pathologic stage. Cancer 2002; 94: 929–933.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir SA, Ren C, Timme TL, et al Development of an immunoassay for serum caveolin-1: a novel biomarker for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 3653–3659.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir SA, Frolov A, Hayes TG, et al Preoperative serum caveolin-1 as a prognostic marker for recurrence in a radical prostatectomy cohort. Clin Cancer Res 2006; 12: 4872–4575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang G, Truong LD, Wheeler TM, et al Caveolin-1 expression in clinically confined human prostate cancer: a novel prognostic marker. Cancer Res 1999; 59: 5719–5723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li L, Ren CH, Tahir SA, et al Caveolin-1 maintains activated Akt in prostate cancer cells through scaffolding domain binding site interactions with and inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. Mol Cell Biol 2003; 23: 9389–9404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tahir SA, Yang G, Goltsov AA, et al Tumor cell-secreted caveolin-1 has proangiogenic activities in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 731–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Vizio D, Morello M, Sotgia F, et al An absence of stromal caveolin-1 is associated with advanced prostate cancer, metastatic disease and epithelial Akt activation. Cell Cycle 2009; 8: 2420–2424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dasari A, Bartholomew JN, Volonte D, et al Oxidative stress induces premature senescence by stimulating caveolin-1 gene transcription through p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/Sp1-mediated activation of two GC-rich promoter elements. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 10805–10814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llorente A, de Marco MC, Alonso MA. Caveolin-1 and MAL are located on prostasomes secreted by the prostate cancer PC-3 cell line. J Cell Sci 2004; 117: 5343–5351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollstein M, Sidransky D, Vogelstein B, Harris CC. p53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991; 253: 49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruas M, Peters G. The p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor and its relatives. Biochim Biophys Acta 1998; 1378: F115–F177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurz DJ, Decary S, Hong Y, Erusalimsky JD. Senescence-associated (beta)-galactosidase reflects an increase in lysosomal mass during replicative ageing of human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2000; 113: 3613–3622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu X, Stern HM, Ge L, et al Genetic alterations and oncogenic pathways associated with breast cancer subtypes. Mol Cancer Res 2009; 7: 511–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LeBlanc HN, Ashkenazi A. Apo2L/TRAIL and its death and decoy receptors. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10: 66–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada K, Miyamoto K. Basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors, BHLHB2 and BHLHB3; their gene expressions are regulated by multiple extracellular stimuli. Front Biosci 2005; 10: 3151–3171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar