Evidence-based pathology: umbilical cord coiling

References

• Jenkins D, Bentley E, Fleming KA. Evidence-based cellular pathology: a systematic framework for pathological diagnosis and clinical decisions. Curr Diagn Pathol 2001; 7: 272–80.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming KA. Evidence-based cellular pathology. Lancet 2002; 359: 1149–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamilton PW, van Diest PJ, Williams R, Gallagher AG. Do we see what we think we see? The complexities of morphological assessment. J Pathol 2009; 218: 285–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• de Laat MW, Franx A, van Alderen ED, Nikkels PG, Visser GH. The umbilical coiling index, a review of the literature. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 17: 93–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong TH, Jarles DL, Vega JS, Feldman DB. The umbilical coiling index. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 29–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edmonds HW. The spiral twist of the normal umbilical cord in twins and in singletons. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1959; 67: 102–20.
   Google Scholar
• Soernes T, Bakke T. The length of the human umbilical cord in vertex and breech presentations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 154: 1086–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blickstein I, Varon Y, Varon E. Implications of differences in coiling indices at different segments of the umbilical cord. Gynecol Obstet Invest 2001; 52: 203–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dijk CC, Franx A, de Laat MW, Bruinse HW, Visser GH, Nikkels PG. The umbilical coiling index in normal pregnancy. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2002; 11: 280–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chaurasia BD, Agarwal BM. Helical structure of the human umbilical cord. Acta Anat 1979; 103: 226–30.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Manci EA, Ulmer DR, Nye DM, Shah A, Mvumbi L. Variations in normal umbilical cord length following birth. Mod Pathol 1993; 6: (Abstr 33).
   Google Scholar
• Kashanian M, Akbarian A, Kouhpayehzadeh J. The umbilical coiling index and adverse perinatal outcome. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2006; 95: 8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers MS, Ip YW, Qin Y, Rogers SM, Sahota D. Relationship between umbilical cord morphology and nuchal cord entanglement. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2003; 82: 32–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ezimokhai M, Rizk DE, Thomas L. Abnormal vascular coiling of the umbilical cord in gestational diabetes mellitus. Arch Physiol Biochem 2001; 109: 209–14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strong TH Jr, Elliott JP, Radin TG. Non-coiled umbilical blood vessels: a new marker for the fetus at risk. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 81: 409–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana J, Ebert GA, Kappy KA. Adverse perinatal outcome in patients with an abnormal umbilical coiling index. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 573–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Lau TK, Rogers MS. Second-trimester ultrasonographic assessment of the umbilical coiling index. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 20: 458–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malpas P, Symonds EM. Observations on the structure of the human umbilical cord. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1966; 123: 746–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cromi A, Ghezzi F, Duerig P, Travaglini M, Buttarelli M, Raio L. Sonographic atypical vascular coiling of the umbilical cord. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25: 1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Machin GA, Ackerman J, Gilbert-Barness E. Abnormal umbilical cord coiling is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2000; 3: 462–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ercal T, Lacin S, Altunyurt S, Saygill U, Cinar O, Mumcu A. Umbilical coiling index: is it a marker for the foetus at risk? Br J Clin Pract 1996; 50: 254–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuxen AJ, Permezel M, Walker SP, Georgiou HM. Factors affecting umbilical venous perfusion during experimental cord knotting. Placenta 2005; 26: 753–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ezimokhai M, Rizk DE, Thomas L. Maternal risk factors for abnormal vascular coiling of the umbilical cord. Am J Perinatol 2000; 17: 441–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart S. Chirality in the umbilical cord. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1993; 100: 234–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Predanic M, Perni SC, Chasen ST, Baergen RN, Chervenak FA. Ultrasound evaluation of abnormal umbilical cord coiling in second trimester of gestation in association with adverse pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193: 387–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Laat MW, Franx A, Bots ML, Visser GH, Nikkels PG. Umbilical coiling index in normal and complicated pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107: 1049–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strong THJ, Finberg HJ, Mattox JH. Antepartum diagnosis of noncoiled umbilical cords. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 1729–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Degani S, Lewinsky RM, Berger H, Spiegel D. Sonographic estimation of umbilical coiling index and correlation with Doppler flow characteristics. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 86: 990–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Laat MW, Franx A, Nikkels PG, Visser GH. Prenatal ultrasonographic prediction of the umbilical coiling index at birth and adverse pregnancy outcome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 704–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raio L, Ghezzi F, Cromi A, Cereda E, Passi A. Sonographic morphology and hyaluronan content of umbilical cords of healthy and Down syndrome fetuses in early gestation. Early Hum Dev 2004; 77: 1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurita M, Hasegawa J, Mikoshiba T, et al Ultrasound evaluation of the amount of Wharton's jelly and the umbilical coiling index. Fetal Diagn Ther 2009; 26: 85–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cromi A, Raio L, Ghezzi F, et al Sonographic assessment of the umbilical coiling index during the entire gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 22 (Suppl 1): 140.
   Google Scholar
• Gupta S, Faridi MMA, Krishnan J. Umbilical coiling index. J Obstet Gynecol India 2006; 56: 315–9.
   Google Scholar
• Cromi A, Ghezzi F, Dürig P, Di Naro E, Raio L. Sonographic umbilical cord morphometry and coiling patterns in twin-twin transfusion syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2005; 25: 851–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan AD, Jaffa AJ, Timor IE, Elad D. Hemodynamic analysis of arterial blood flow in the coiled umbilical cord. Reprod Sci 2010; 17: 258–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sebire NJ. Pathophysiological significance of abnormal umbilical cord coiling index. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2007; 30: 804–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flenady V, Silver RM, Incerpi M, et al Essential diagnostic workup of stillbirths. In: Facchinetti F, Dekker GA, Baronciani D, Saade G, editors. Stillbirth: Understanding and Management. London: Informa Healthcare, 2010; 71–90.
   Google Scholar
• Khong TY. Pathology investigations for stillbirths. In: Stillbirth: Understanding and ManagementFacchinetti F, Dekker GA, Baronciani D, Saade G, editors. London: Informa Healthcare, 2010; 91–9.
   Google Scholar
• de Laat MWM, van Alderen ED, Franx A, Visser GHA, Bots ML, Nikkels PGJ. The umbilical coiling index in complicated pregnancy. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2007; 130: 66–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchevsky AM, Wick MR. Evidence-based medicine, medical decision analysis, and pathology. Hum Pathol 2004; 35: 1179–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd JD, Hamilton WJ. The Human Placenta. Cambridge: Heffer and Sons, 1970.
   Google Scholar
• Naeye RL. Umbilical cord length: clinical significance. J Pediatr 1985; 107: 278–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin Y, Wang CC, Kuhn H, Rathmann J, Pang CP, Rogers MS. Determinants of umbilical cord arterial 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha concentrations. BJOG 2000; 107: 973–81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar