Polycystic ovary syndrome: Metabolic consequences and long-term management

References

• Ehrmann DA, Barnes RB, Rosenfield RL, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Diabetes Care 1999;22:141–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambineri A, Pelusi C, Manicardi E, et al. Glucose intolerance in a large cohort of Mediterranean women with polycystic ovary syndrome: phenotype and associated factors. Diabetes 2004;53:2353–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moran LJ, Misso ML, Wild RA, et al. Impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2010;16:347–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apridonidze T, Essah PA, Iuorno MJ, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:1929–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmina E, Napoli N, Longo RA, et al. Metabolic syndrome in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): lower prevalence in southern Italy than in the USA and the influence of criteria for the diagnosis of PCOS. Eur J Endocrinol 2006;154:141–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berneis K, Rizzo M, Fruzzetti F, et al. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and LDL size and subclasses in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:186–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild RA, Rizzo M, Clifton S, et al.Lipid levels in polycystic ovary syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2011;95:1073–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris MI, Flegal KM, Cowie C, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Diabetes Care 1998;21:518–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park YW, Zhu S, Palaniappan L, et al. The metabolic syndrome: prevalence and associated risk factor findings in the US population from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:427–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlgren E, Janson PO, Johansson S, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome and risk for myocardial infarction evaluated from a risk factor model based on a prospective population study of women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1992;71:599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norman RJ, Masters L, Milner CR et al. Relative risk of conversion from normoglycaemia to impaired glucose tolerance or non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Hum Reprod 2001;16:1995–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambineri A, Patton L, Altieri P, et al. Polycystic ovary syndrome is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes: results from a long-term prospective study. Diabetes 2012;61:2369–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudecova M, Holte J, Olovsson M, et al.Diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome – a long term follow-up. Hum Reprod 2011; 26:1462–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmina E, Campagna AM, Lobo RA. Emergence of ovulatory cycles with aging in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) alters the trajectory of cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors. Hum Reprod 2013;28:2245–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt J, Landin-Wilhelmsen K, Brännström M, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors in PCOS women of postmenopausal age: a 21-year controlled follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:3794–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierpoint T, McKeigue PM, Isaacs AJ, et al. Mortality of woman with polycystic ovary syndrome at long term follow up. J Clin Epidemiol 1998;51:581–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild SH, Pierpoint T, Mckeigue PM, et al. Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Endocrinol 2000;52:595–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw LJ, Merz CN, Azziz R, et al. Post-menopausal women with a history of irregular menses and elevated androgen measurements at high risk for worsening cardiovascular event-free survival: results from the National Institutes of Health National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Sponsored Women's Ischemia Syndrome Evaluation (WISE). J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008;93:1276–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmina E, Campagna AM, Lobo RA. A 20-year follow-up of young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynecol 2012;119:263–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild R, Carmina E, Diamanti-Kandarakis E, et al. Assessment of cardiovascular risk and prevention of cardiovascular disease in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome: a position statement by the Androgen Excess & Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (AE-PCOS) society.J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010;85:2038–49.
   Google Scholar