Cytokines as tumour markers

References

• Bence Jones H. Papers on Chemical Pathology -Lecture III. Lancet 1847; 88–92
   Google Scholar
• Bence Jones H. On a new substance occurring in the urine of a patient with Mollities Ossium. Phil Trans Royal Soc 1848; 55–62
   Google Scholar
• Macintyre W. Case of Mollities and Fragilitas Ossium, accompanied with urine strongly charged with animal matter. Med Chir Trans 1850; 33: 211–232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen S, Bigazzi P E, Yoshida T. Similarities of T cell function in cell-mediated immunity and antibody production. Cell Immunol 1974; 12: 150–159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamblin A S. Cytokines and Cytokine Receptors. IRL Press, Oxford 1993; 1: 1–90
   Google Scholar
• Callard R E, Gearing AJH. The Cytokine FactsBook. Academic Press, London 1994; 1: 1–265
   Google Scholar
• Agganval B B, Gutterman J U. Human Cytokines. Handbook for Basic and Clinical Research. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford 1992; 1: 1–441
   Google Scholar
• Michiel D F, Oppenheim J J. Cytokines as positive and negative regulators of tumour promotion and progression. Semin Cancer Biol 1992; 3: 3–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Balkwill F R. Cytokine therapy of cancer. The importance of knowing the context. Eur Cyt Netw 1994; 5: 379–385
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dcdet B. Cytokines in the clinics. Choose your weapon. Eur Cyt Netw 1994; 5: 369–376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Forni G, Giovarelli M, Cavallo F, Consalvo M, Allione A, Modesti A, Musiani P, Colombo P. Cytokine-induced tumour immunogenicity:from exogenous cytokines to gene therapy. Journal of Immunother 1993; 14253–257
   Google Scholar
• Patel P M, Flemming C L, Russell S J, Eccles S A, Collins MKL. Cytokine gene transfer as a therapeutic strategy. J Immunother 1993; 14: 310–313
   Google Scholar
• Elsässer-Beile U, von Kleist S. Cytokines as therapeutic and diagnostic agents. Tumour Biol 1993; 14: 69–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Takaku F. Clinical application of cytokines for cancer treatment. Oncology 1994; 51: 123–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leek R D, Harris A L, Lewis C E. Cytokine networks in solid human tumours:Regulation of angiogenesis. J Leuk Biol 1994; 56: 423–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauviel A. Cytokine regulation of metalloproteinase gene expression. J Cell Biochem 1993; 53: 288–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theze J. Cytokine receptorxa combinative family of molecules. Eur Cyt Netw 1994; 5: 353–368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kishimoto T. The biology of interleukin-6. Blood 1989; 74: 1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akira S, Taga T, Kishimoto T. Interleukin-6 in biology and medicine. Adv Immunol 1993; 54: 1–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauldie J, Richards C, Hamish D, Lansdorp P, Baumann H. Interferon b2/B-cell stimulating factor type 2 shares identity with monocyte-derived hepatocyte-stimulating factor and regulates the major acute phase protein response in liver cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84: 7251–7255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T, Yasukawa K, Harada H, et al. Complementary DNA for a novel human interleukin (BSF-2) that induces B lymphocytes to produce immunoglobulin. Nature 1986; 324: 73–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borden E C, Chin P. Interleukin-6:A cytokine with potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles. J Lab Clin Med 1994; 123: 824–829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawano M, Hirano T, Matsuda T, Taga T, Horii Y, Iwato K, Asaoku H, Tang B, Tanabe O, Tanaka H, Kuramoto A, Kishimoto T. Autocrine generation and requirement of BSF-UIL-6 for human multiple myelomas. Nature 1988; 332: 83–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein B, Zhang X-G, Jourdan M, Content J, Houssiau F, Aarden L, Piechaczyk M, Bataille R. Paracrine rather than autocrine regulation of myeloma-cell growth and differentiation by interleukin-6. Blood 1989; 73: 517–526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portier M, Rajzbaum G, Zhang X G, Attal M, Rusalen C, Wijdenes J, Mannoni P, Maraninchi D, Piechaczyk M, Bataille R, Kiein B. In vivo interleukin 6 gene expression in the tumoural environment in multiple myeloma. Eur J Immunol 1991; 21: 1759–1762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mericio F, Bergui L, Gregoretti M G, Ghia P, Aimo G, Lindley IJD. Cytokines involved in the progression of multiple myeloma. Clin Exp Immunol 1993; 92: 27–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Caligaris-Cappio F, Bergui L, Gregoretti M, Gaidano G, Gaboli M, Schena M, Zalone A, Marchisio P. Role of bone marrow stromal cells in the growth of human multiple myeloma. Blood 1991; 77: 688–693
   Google Scholar
• Ballester O F, Moscinski L C, Lyman G H, Chaney J V, Saba H I, Spiers ASD, Klein C. High levels of interleukin-6 are associated with low turnour burden and low growth fraction in multiple myeloma. Blood 1994; 83: 1903–1908
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bataille R, Jourdan M, Zhang X-G, Klein B. Serum levels of interleukin 6, a potent myeloma cell growth factor, as a reflect of disease seventy in plasma cell dyscrasias. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 2008–2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachbaur D M, Herold M, Maneschg A, Huber H. Serum levels of interleukin-6 in multiple myeloma and other hematological disorders:correlation with disease activity and other prognostic parameters. Ann Hematol 1991; 62: 54–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig H, Nachbaur D M, Fritz E, Krainer M, Huber H. Interleukin-6 is a prognostic factor in multiple myeloma. Blood 1991; 77: 2794–2795
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown R, Joshua D, Uhr E, Snowdon L, Gibson J. The use of a commercially available immunoassay to determine the level of interleukin-6 in the serum of patients with myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 1991; 5: 151–155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss T L, Lipton J H, Bergsagel D E, Meharchand J M, Jamal N, Minden M D, Messner H A. Determination of IL6, IL1, and IL4 in the plasma of patients with multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 14: 335–340
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solary E, Guiguet M, Zeller V, Casasnovas R-O, Caillot D, Chavanet P, Guy H, Mack G. radioimmunoassay for the measurement of serum IL-6 and its correlation with turnour cell mass parameters in multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol 1992; 39: 163–171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler J, Fechner F, Herold M, Huber H. Interleukin-6 in multiple myeloma:Correlation with disease activity and Ki-67 proliferation index. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 12: 265–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tienhaara A, Pulkki K, Mattila K, Irjala K, Pelliniemi T-T. Serum immunoreactive interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein levels in patients with multiple myeloma at diagnosis. Br J Haem 1994; 86: 391–393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaillard J-P, Bataille R, Brailly H, Zuber C, Yasukawa K, Attal M, Maruo N, Taga T, Kishimoto T, Klein B. Increased and highly stable levels of functional soluble interleukin-6 receptor in sera of patients with monoclonal gammopathy. Eur J Immunol 1993; 23: 820–824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emile C, Fermand J-P, Danon F. Interleukin-6 serum levels in patients with multiple myeloma. Br J Haem 1994; 86: 439–440
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gause A, Scholz R, Klein S, Jung W, Diehl V, Tesch H, Hasenclever D, Pfreundschuh M. Increased levels of circulating interleukin-6 in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Hematol Oncol 1991; 9: 307–313
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blay J-Y, Farcet J-P, Lavaud A, Radoux D, Chouaïb S. Serum concentrations of cytokines in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Eur J Cancer 1994; 321–324; 30A
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurzrock R, Redman J, Cabanillas F, Jones D, Rothberg J, Talpaz M. Serum interleukin 6 levels are elevated in lymphoma patients and correlate with survival in advanced Hodgkin's disease and with B symptoms. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2118–2122
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R, Venditti A, Del Poeta G, Conforti M, Coppetelli U, Tribalto M, Papa G. Increased levels of circulating interleukin-6 in patients with newly diagnosed non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Am J Hematol 1994; 46: 160–161
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yee C, Sutcliffe S, Messner H A, Minden M D. Interleukin-6 levels in the plasma of patients with lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 1992; 7: 123–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gause A, Spickermann D, Klein S, Diehl V, Pfreundschuh M. Elevation of circulating IL-6 in patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1994; 53: 178–180
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raziuddin S, Sheikha A, Abu-Eshy S, Al-Janadi M. Circulating levels of cytokines and soluble cytokine receptors in various T-cell malignancies. Cancer 1994; 73: 2426–2431
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dosquet C, Schaetz A, Faucher C, Lepage E, Wautier J-L, Richard F, Cabane J. Tumour necrosis factor-a, interleukin-1b and interleukin-6 in patients with renal cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 1994; 162–167; 30A
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blay J-Y, Schemann S, Favrot M C. Local production of interleukin 6 by renal adenocarcinoma in vivo. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 238
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blay J-Y, Negrier S, Combaret V, Attali S, Goillot E, Merrouche Y, Mercatello A, Ravault A, Tourani J-M, Moskovtchenko J-F, Philip T. Serum level of interleukin 6 as a prognosis factor in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 3317–3322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadler W M, Richards J M, Vogelzang N J. Serum interleukin-6 levels in metastatic renal cell cancer:correlation with survival but not an independent prognostic indicator. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 1835–1836
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Broom J, Heys S D, Whiting P H, Park KGM, Strachan A, Rothnie I, Franks C R, Eremin O. Interleukin 2 therapy in cancer:Identification of responders. Br J Cancer 1992; 66: 1185–1187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blay J-Y, Négrier S, Philip T, Favrot M, Mercatello A. Pretreatment serum CRP and response to interleukin 2. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 200
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tartour E, Dorval T, Mosseri V, Deneux L, Mathiot C, Brailly H, Montero F, Joyeux I, Pouillart P, Fridman W H. Serum interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein levels correlate with resistance to IL-2 therapy and poor survival in melanoma patients. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 911–913
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deehan D J, Heys S D, Simpson W G, Broom J, Franks C, Eremin O. In vivo cytokine production and recombinant interleukin 2 immunotherapy:an insight into the possible mechanisms underlying clinical responses. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 1130–1135
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutteh W H, Kutteh C C. Quantitation of tumour necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and interleukin-6 in the effusions of ovarian epithelial neoplasms. Am J of Obstet Gynecol 1992; 167: 1864–1869
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scambia G, Testa U, Benedetti Panici P, Martucci R, Foti E, Petrini M, Amoroso M, Masciullo V, Peschle C, Mancuso S. Interleukin-6 serum levels in patients with gynecological turnours. Int J Cancer 1994; 57: 318–323
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plante M, Rubin S C, Wong G Y, Federici M G, Finstad C L, Gastl G A. Interleukin-6 level in serum and ascites as a prognostic factor in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Cancer 1994; 73: 1882–1888
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schriider W, Ruppert C, Bender H G. Concomitant measurements of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in serum and peritoneal fluid of patients with benign and malignant ovarian tumours. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1994; 56: 43–46
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moradi M M, Carson L F, Weinberg J B, Haney A F, Twiggs L B, Ramakrishnan S. Serum and ascitic fluid levels of interleukin-1, interleukin- 6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha in patients with ovarian epithelial cancer. Cancer 1993; 72: 2433–2440
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson J M, Sensintaffar J L, Berek J S, Martinez-Maza O. Constitutive production of interleukin 6 by ovarian cancer cell lines and by primary ovarian tumour cultures. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6959–6965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berek J S, Chung C, Kaldi K, Watson J M, Knox R M, Martinez-Maza O. Serum interleukin-6 levels correlate with disease status in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 164: 1038–1043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferdeghini M, Gadducci A, Prontera C, Bonuccelli A, Annicchiarico C, Fanucchi A, Facchini V, Bianchi R. Serum interleukin-6 levels in uterine malignancies. Preliminary data. Anticancer Res 1994; 14: 735–738
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith K A. Interleukin-2:inception, impact, and implications. Science 1988; 240: 1169–1176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin L A, Kurman C C, Fritz M E, Biddison W E, Boutin B, Yarchoan R, Nelson D L. Soluble interleukin 2 receptors are released from activated human lymphoid cells in vitro. J Immunol 1985; 135: 3172–3177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerler B. The soluble interleukin-2 receptor as a marker for human neoplasia and immune status. Cancer Cells 1991; 3: 471–479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubin L A, Nelson D L. The soluble interleukin-2 receptor:biology. function and clinical application. Ann Intern Med 1990; 13: 619–627
   Google Scholar
• Pui C-H, Ip S H, Iflah S, Behm F G, Grose B H, Dodge R K, Crist W M, Furman W L, Murphy S B, Rivera G K. Serum interleukin 2 receptor levels in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1988; 71: 1135–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yasuda N, Lai P K, Ip S H, Kung P C, Hinuma Y, Matsuoka M, Hattori T, Takatsuki K, Purtilo D T. Soluble interleukin 2 receptors in sera of Japanese patients with adult T cell leukemia mark activity of disease. Blood 1988; 71: 1021–1026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava M D, Srivastava A, Srivastava B I. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor, soluble CD8 and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 levels in hematologic malignancies. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 12: 241–251
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zwierzina H, Herold M, Schollenberger S, Geissler D, Schmalzl F. Detection of soluble LL-2 receptor in the serum of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes:induction under therapy with GM-CSF. Br J Haem 1991; 79: 438–443
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoumbos N, Symeonidis A, Kourakli A, Katevas P, Matsouka P, Perraki M, Georgoulias V. Increased levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors and tumour necrosis factor in serum of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes [letter] [see comments]. Blood 1991; 77: 413–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokose N, Ogata K, Ito T, An E, Tamura H, Dan K, Hamaguchi H, Sakamaki H, Onozawa Y, Nomura T. Elevated plasma soluble interleukin 2 receptor level correlates with defective natural killer and CD8+ T-cells in myelodysplastic syndromes. Leuk Res 1994; 18: 777–782
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chilosi M, Semenzato G, Cetto G, Ambrosetti A, Fiore-Donati L, Perona G, Berton G, Lestani M, Scarpa A, Agostini C, et al. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in the sera of patients with hairy cell leukemia:relationship with the effect of recombinant alpha-interferon therapy on clinical parameters and natural killer in vitro activity. Blood 1987; 70: 1530–1535
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barak V, Nisman B, Dann E J, Kalickman I, Ruchlemer R, Bennett M A, Polliack A. Serum interleukin 1b levels as a marker in hairy cell leukemia:Correlation with disease status and sIL-2R levels. Leuk Lymphoma 1994; 14: 33–39, Suppl. 1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimino G, Annino L, Giona F, Sgadari C, Di Gregorio A O, Cava M C, Mandelli F. Serum interleukin-1 beta levels correlate with neoplastic bulk in hairy cell leukaemia. Leukemia 1991; 5: 602–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards J M, Mick R, Latta J M, Daly K, Ratain M J, Vardiman J W, Golomb H M. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor is associated with clinical and pathologic disease status in hairy cell leukemia [see comments]. Blood 1990; 76: 1941–1945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcon L, Rubin L A, Kurman C C, Fritz M E, Longo D L, Uchiyama T, Edwards B K, Nelson D L. Elevated serum levels of soluble Tac peptide in adult T-cell leukemia:correlation with clinical status during chemotherapy. Ann of Intern Med 1988; 109: 274–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steis R G, Marcon L, Clark J, Urba W, Longo D L, Maluish A E. Serum soluble IL-2 receptor as a tumour marker in patients with hairy cell leukemia. Blood 1994; 71: 1304–1309
   Google Scholar
• Ambrosetti A, Semenzato G, Prior M, Chilosi M, Vinante F, Vincenzi C, Zanotti R, Trentin L, Portuese A, Menestrina F, Perona G, Agostini C, Todeschini G, Pizzolo G. Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in hairy cell leukemia:a reliable marker of neoplastic bulk. Br J Haem 1989; 73: 181–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho A D, Grossman M, Knauf W, Martin H, Trumper L, Zwingers T, Sonnen R, Pralle H, Hunstein W. Plasma levels of soluble CD8 antigen and interleukin-2 receptor antigen in patients with hairy cell leukemia, relationship with splenectomy and with clinical response to therapy. Leukemia 1989; 3: 718–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlidis A N, Kalef-Ezra J, Bourantas L C, Lambrou A, Mavridis A. Serum tumour markers in non-Hodgkin's lymphomas and chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Int J Biol Markers 1993; 8: 14–20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Motoi T, Uchiyama T, Hori T, Itoh K, Uchino H, Ueda R. Elevated serum-soluble interleukin-2 receptor (Tac antigen) levels in chronic myelogenous leukemia patients with blastic crisis. Blood 1989; 74: 1052–1057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui C-H, Ip S H, Thompson E, Wilimas J, Brown M, Dodge R K, de Hoyos R A, Berard C W, Crist W M. High serum interleukin-2 receptor levels correlate with a poor prognosis in children with Hodgkin's disease. Leukemia 1989; 3: 481–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui C-H, Hudson M, Luo X, Wilimas J, Evans W, Crist W M. Serum interleukin-2 receptor levels in Hodgkin disease and other solid tumours of childhood. Leukemia 1993; 7: 1242–1244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamon M D, Unal E, Macdonald I, Shamim F, Boesen E, Prentice H G. Plasma soluble interleukin 2 receptor levels in patients with malignant lymphoma are correlated with disease activity but not cellular immunosuppression. Leuk Lymphoma 1993; 10: 111–115
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gause A, Roschansky V, Tschiersch A, Smith K, Hasenclever D, Schmits R, Diehl V, Pfreundschuh M. Low serum interleukin-2 receptor levels correlate with a good prognosis in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann Oncol 1991; 2: 43–7, Suppl 2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosetti A, Nadali G, Vinante F, Carlini S, Veneri D, Todeschini G, Morosato L, De Sabata D, Chilosi M, Maggi E, Parronchi P, Romagnani S, Semenzato G, Perona G, Pizzolo G. Serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor in Hodgkin disease:Relationship with clinical stage, tumour burden, and treatment outcome. Cancer 1993; 72: 201–206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinini L, Zironi S, Cenci A M, Campioli D, Federico M, Barbicri F. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor and urinary neopterin concentrations in malignant lymphoma. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1993; 31: 567–574
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pizzolo G, Chilosi M, Vinante F, Dazzi F, Lestani M, Perona G, Benedetti F, Todeschini G, Vincenzi C, Trentin L, Semenzato G. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in the serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Br J Cancer 1987; 55: 427–428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi R, Zinzani P L, Galieni P, Lauta V M, Damasio E, Dispensa E, Dammacco F, Tura S, Papa G. Detection of soluble interleukin-2 receptor and interleukin-10 in the serum of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma:Identification of a subset at high risk of treatment failure. Cancer 1994; 74: 1792–1800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui C-H, Ip S H, Kung P, Dodge R K, Berard C W, Crist W M, Murphy S B. High serum interleukin-2 receptor levels are related to advanced disease and a poor outcome in childhood non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Blood 1987; 70: 624–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tangen J M, Abrahamsen A F, Ostenstad B, Bergheim J. Interleukin-2 receptor levels in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Correlation to histological degree of malignancy and presence of constitutional symptoms. Acta Oncol 1990; 29: 581–583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner D K, Kiwanuka J, Edwards B K, Rubin L A, Nelson D L, Magrath I T. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with undifferentiated and lymphoblastic lymphomas:correlation with survival. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 1262–1274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller C, Knoflach P, Zielinski C C. Soluble interleukin 2 receptor in acute viral hepatitis and chronic liver disease. Hepatology 1989; 10: 928–932
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kittur S D, Kittur D S, Soncrant I T, Rapoport S I, Tourtellotte W W, Nagel J E, Adler W H. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in cerebrospinal fluid from individuals with various neurological disorders. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 168–173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai K N, Ho S, Leung JCK, Tsao S Y. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 1991; 67: 2180–2185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lissoni P, Bami S, Rovelli F, Viviani S, Maestroni G J, Conti A, Tancini G. The biological significance of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in solid tumours. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 33–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berghella A M, Pellegrini P, Piancatelli D, Maccarone D, Del Beato T, Giubilei D, Pomidori A, Adorno D, Casciani C U. Progression mechanisms in colon cancer:Soluble interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor, IL-2 plus anti-CD3 proliferative response and tumour stage correlations. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1994; 38: 160–166
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barton DPJ, Blanchard D K, Michelini-Norris B, Nicosia S V, Cavanagh D, Djeu J Y. High serum and ascitic soluble interleukin-2 receptor a levels in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Blood 1993; 81: 424–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami S, Satomi A, Ishida K, Murai H, Okamura Y. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor in colorectal cancer. Acta Oncol 1994; 33: 19–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurteau J A, Simon H-U, Kurman C, Rubin L, Mills G B. Levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptor-α are elevated in serum and ascitic fluid from epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 170: 918–928
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Owens O J, Taggart C, Wilson R, Walker J J, McKillop J H, Kennedy J H. Interleukin-2 receptor and ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1993; 68: 364–367
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piancatelli D, Pellegrini P, Berghella A M, Del Beato T, Calvisi G, Con G, Adomo D, Casciani C U. Detection of circulating ICAM-1 and soluble IL-2 receptor in serum of colorectal cancer patients. Int J ImmunotherX 1994; 15–20
   Google Scholar
• Sharma S, Saha K, Shinghal R N, Malik G B. Serum soluble interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor levels in women with breast carcinoma and its correlation with IL-2 receptor expression on blood lymphocytes and lymphocytic infiltration within the tumour. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 33: 198–202
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferdeghini M, Gadducci A, Prontera C, Marrai R, Malagnino G, Annicchiarico C, Fioretti P, Bianchi R. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) assay in cervical and endometrial cancer. Preliminiuy data. Anticancer Res 1993; 13: 709–714
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferdeghini M, Gadducci A, Prontera C, et al. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor assay in epithelial ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 1993; 14: 303–309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buccheri G, Marino P, Preatoni A, Fenigno D, Moroni G A. Soluble interleukin 2 receptor in lung cancer. An indirect marker of tumour activity? Chest 1991; 99: 1433–1437
   Google Scholar
• Ginns L C, De Hoyos A, Brown M C, Gaumond B R. Elevated concentration of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in Serum of smokers and patients with lung cancer. Correlation with clinical activity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990; 142: 398–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marino P, Cugno M, Preatoni A, Con P, Rosti A, Frontini L, Cicardi M. Increased levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in serum of patients with lung cancer. Br J Cancer 1990; 61: 434–435
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vibe-Petersen J, Tvede N, Diamant M, Kjerulff A A, et al. Soluble interleukin-2 receptor and soluble CD8 antigen levels in serum from patients with non-resectable lung cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 33: 121–127
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poulakis N, Sarandakou A, Rizos D, Phocas I, Kontozoglou T, Polyzogopoulos D. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors and other markers in primary lung cancer. Cancer 1991; 68: 1045–1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarandakou A, Poulakis N, Rizos D, Trakakk E, Phocas I. Soluble interleukin-2 receptors (sIL-2R) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) in small cell lung carcinoma. Anticancer Res 1993; 13: 173–176
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamaguchi K, Nishimura Y, Kiyokawa T, Matsuzaki H, Ishii T, Kubota K, Kawahara M, Furuse K, Yoshinaga T, Kinuwaki E, Takatsuki K. Elevated serum levels of soluble interleukin-2 receptors in small cell lung cancer. J Lab Clin Med 1990; 116: 457–461
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mali STA. Tumour necrosis factor:roles in cancer pathophysiology. Semin Cancer Biol 1992; 3: 27–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tracey K J, Cerami A. Tumour necrosis factor, other cytokines and disease. Ann Rev Cell Biol 1993; 9: 317–343
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones A L, Selby P J. Tumour necrosis factor:clinical relevance. Cancer Surv 1989; 8: 817–836
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hieber U, Heim M. Tumour necrosis factor for the treatment of malignancies. Oncology 1994; 51: 142–153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sleijfer S, Mulder N H. Tumour necrosis factor:the decline and fall of a biological agent and its resurrection. Clin Oncol 1994; 6: 127–132
   Google Scholar
• Malik STA, Naylor M S, East N, Oliff A, Balkwill F R. Cells secreting tumour necrosis factor show enhanced metastasis in nude mice. Eur J Cancer 1990; 26: 1031–1034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naylor M S, Stamp GWH, Foulkes W D, Eccles D, Balkwill F R. Tumour necrosis factor and its receptors in human ovarian cancer. Potential role in disease progression. J Clin Invest 1993; 91: 2194–2206
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pusztai L, Clover L M, Cooper K, Starkey P M, Lewis C E, McGee JOD. Expression of tumour necrosis factor a and its receptors in carcinoma of the breast. Br J Cancer 1994; 70: 289–292
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remick D G. Significance of in vivo detection of tumour necrosis factor. Lab Invest 1991; 65: 259–261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaattela M. Biologic activities and mechanisms of action of tumour necrosis factor-a/cachectin. Lab Invest 1991; 64: 724–742
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F, Osborne R, Burke F, Naylor S, Talbot D, Durbin H, Tavernier J, Fiers W. Evidence for tumour necrosis factorkachectin production in cancer. Lancetii 1987; 1229–1232
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Jaco A, Asselain B, Orlandi C, Fridman W H, Teillaud J-L. Evaluation of circulating tumour necrosis factor-α in patients with gynecological malignancies. Int J Cancer 1991; 48: 375–378
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Selby P, Hobbs S, Viner C, Jackson E, Jones A, Newell D, Calvert A H, McElwain T, Fearon K, Humphreys J, Shiga T. Tumour necrosis factor in man:clinical and biological observations. Br J Cancer 1987; 56: 803–808
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socher S H, Martinez D, Craig J B, Kuhn J G, Oliff A. Tumour necrosis factor not detetable in patients with clinical cancer cachexia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 595–598
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ardizzoia A, Lissoni P, Brivro F, Tisi E, Perego M S, Grassi M G, Pittalis S, Crispino S, Bami S, Tancini G. Tumour necrosis factor in solid tumours increased blood levels in the metastatic disease. J Biol Reg Homeostat Agents 1992; 6: 103–107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakasaki H. Preoperative and postoperative cytokines in patients with cancer. Cancer 1992; 79: 709–713
   Google Scholar
• Saarinen U M, Koskelo E-K. Teppo A-M, Siimes MA. Tumour necrosis factor in children with malignancies. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 592–595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aderka D, Engelmann H, Maor Y, Brakebusch C, Wallach D. Stabilization of the bioactivity of tumour necrosis factor by its soluble receptors. J Exp Med 1992; 175: 323–329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson I, Gatanaga T, Gullberg U, Lantz M, Granger G A. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) binding proteins (soluble TNF receptor forms) with possible roles in inflammation and malignancy. Eur Cyt Netw 1993; 4: 169–180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halwachs G, Tiran A, Reisinger E C, Zach R, Sabin K, Fölsch B, Lanzer H, Holzer H, Wilders-Truschnig M. Serum levels of the soluble receptor for tumour necrosis factor in patients with renal disease. Clin Invest 1994; 72: 473–476
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tilg H, Vogel W, Wiedermann C J, Shapiro L, Herold M, Judmaier G, Dinarello C A. Circulating interleukin-1 and tumour necrosis factor antagonists in liver disease. Hepatology 1993; 18: 1132–1138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waage A, Liabakk N, Lien E, Lamvik J, Espevik T. p55 and p75 tumour necrosis factor receptors in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1992; 80: 2577–2583
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digel W, Porzsolt F, Schmid M, Hermann F, Lesslauer W, Brockhaus M. High levels of circulating soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor in hairy cell leukemia and type B chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 1690–1693
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denz H, Prth B, Weiss G, Gallati H, Herrmann R, Huber P, Wachter H, Fuchs D. Serum soluble turnour necrosis factor receptor 55 is increased in patients with haematological neoplasias and is associated with immune activation and weight loss. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 2232–2235
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trumper L, Jung W, Dahl G, Diehl V, Gause A, Pfreundschuh M. Interleukin-7, interleukin-8, soluble TNF receptor, and p53 protein levels are elevated in the serum of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Ann Oncol 1994; 5: 893–896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aderka D, Englemann H, Hornik V, Skomick Y, Levo Y, Wallach D, Kushtai G. Increased serum levels of soluble receptors for tumour necrosis factor in cancer patients. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 5602–5607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langkopf F, Atzpodien J. Soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors as prognostic factors in cancer patients. Lancet 1994; 344: 57–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosen E A, Granger G A, Gatanaga M, Ininns E K, Hwanh C, DiSaia P, Berman M, Manetta A, Emma D, Gatanaga T. Measurment of the soluble membrane receptors for tumour necrosis factor and lymphotoxin in the sera of patients with gynecologic malignancy. Gynecol Oncol 1993; 50: 68–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elsässer-Beile U, Gallati H, Weber W, Wild E D, Schulte Monting J. von Kleist S. Increased plasma concentrations for type I and II turnour necrosis factor receptors and IL-2 receptors in cancer patients. Tumour Biol 1994; 15: 17–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sachs L, Lotem J. The network of hematopoietic cytokines. Proc Sac Exp Biol Med 1994; 206: 170–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs L. The molecular control of haemopoiesis and leukemia. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30A: 852–860
   Google Scholar
• Stanley E R. Colony-stimulating factor (CSF) radioimmunoassay:detection of a CSF subclass stimulating macrophage production. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 2969–2973
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard J W, Bartocci A, Arceci R, Orlofsky A, Ladner M B, Stanley E R. Apparent role of the macrophage growth factor, CSF-1, in placental development. Nature 1987; 330484–486
   Google Scholar
• Sherr C J, Rettenmier C W, Sacca R, Roussel M F, Look A T, Stanley E R. The c-fms proto-oncogene product is related to the receptor for the mononuclear phagocyte growth factor, CSF-1. Cell 1985; 41: 665–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Praloran V. Structure, biosynthesis and biological roles of monocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (CSF-1 or M-CSF). Nouv Rev Francaise d'Hematol 1991; 33: 323–333
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth P, Stanley E R. The biology of CSF-1 and its receptor. Curr Topics Microbiol Immunol 1992; 181: 141–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xu F-J, Ramakrishnan S, Daly L, Soper J T, Berchuck A, Clarke-Pearson D, Bast RC, Jr. Increased serum levels of macrophage colony-stimulating factor in ovarian cancer. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 1356–1362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janowska-Wiecxorek A, Belch A R, Jacobs A, Bowen D, Padua R-A, Paletta E, Stanley E R. Increased circulating colony-stimulating factor-1 in patients with preleukemia, leukemia, and lymphoid malignancies. Blood 1991; 77: 1796–1803
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gilbert H S, Praloran V, Stanley E R. Increased circulating CSF-1 (M-CSF) in myeloproliferative disease:association with myeloid metaplasia and peripheral bone marrow extension. Blood 1989; 74: 1231–1234
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacinski B M, Chambers S K, Stanley E R, Carter D, Tseng P, Scata K A, Chang DH-Y, Pirro M H, Nguyen J T, Ariza A, Rohrschneider L R, Rothwell V M. The cytokine CSPl (M-CSF) expressed by endometrial carcinomas in vivo and in vitro, may also be a circulating tumour marker of neoplastic disease activity in endometrial carcinoma patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Physics 1990; 19: 619–626
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kacinski B M, Bloodgood R S, Schwartz P E, Carter D, Stanley E R. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor is produced by human ovarian and endometrial adenocarcinoma-derived cell lines and is present at abnormally high levels in the plasma of ovarian carcinoma patients with active disease. Cancer Cells 1989; 7: 333–337
   Google Scholar
• Kacinski B M, Stanley E R, Carter D, Chambers J T, Chambers S K, Kohom E L, Schwartz P E. Ciruclating levels of CSF-1 (M-CSF), a lymphohematopoietic cytokine may be a useful marker of disease status in patients with malignant ovarian neoplasms. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Physics 1989; 17: 159–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scholl S M, Bascou C H, Mosseri V, Olivares R, Magdelenat H, Dorval T, PalangiC T, Validire P, Pouillart P, Stanley E R. Circulating levels of colony-stimulating factor 1 as a prognostic indicator in 82 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 1994; 69: 342–346
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki M, Ohwada M, Aida I, Tamada T, Hanamura T, Nagatomo M. Macrophage colony-stimulating factor as a tumour marker for epithelial ovarian cancer. Obstet Gynecol 1993; 82: 946–950
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price F V, Chambers S K, Chambers J T, Carcangiu M L, Schwartz P E, Kohorn E I, Stanley E R, Kacinski B M. Colony-stimulating factor-1 in primary ascites of ovarian cancer is a significant predictor of survival. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 168: 520–527
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerbel R S. Growth factors as mediators of malignant tumour progression. Cancer Met Rev 1993; 12: 215–217
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaronson S A, Miki T, Meyers K, Chan A. Growth factors and malignant transformation. Adv Exp Med Biol 1993; 348: 7–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Macaulay V M. Insulin-like growth factors and cancer. Br J Cancer 1992; 65: 311–320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman M J. Transforming growth factor beta and the cell surface in tumour progression. Cancer Met Rev 1993; 12: 239–254
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pusztai L, Lewis C E, Lorenzen J, McGee J O. Growth factors:regulation of normal and neoplastic growth. J Path 1993; 169: 191–201
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westermark B, Heldin C-H. Platelet-derived growth factor—Structure, function and implications in normal and malignant cell growth. Acta Oncol 1993; 32: 101–105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radinsky R. Growth factors and their receptors in metastasis. Semin Cancer Biol 1991; 2: 169–177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wright J A, Turley E A, Greenberg A H. Transforming growth factor beta and fibroblast growth factor as promoters of tumour progression to malignancy. Crit Rev Oncogen 1993; 4: 473–492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattain M G, Howell G, Sun L, Willson JKV. Growth factor balance and tumour progression. Curr Opin Oncol 1994; 6: 77–81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khazaie K, Schirrmacher V, Lichtner R B. EGF receptor in neoplasia and metastasis. Cancer Met Rev 1993; 12: 255–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrat J P, Bonneterre J, Hecquet B, Vennin P, Louchez M M, Fournier C, Lefebvre J, Demaille A. Plasma insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentrations in human breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29A: 492–497
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen N, Yee D, Lippman M E, Paik S, Cullen K J. Insulin-like growth factors in human breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1991; 18: 855–862
   Google Scholar
• Torrisi R, Pensa F, Orengo M A, Catsafados E, Ponzani P, Boccardo F, Costa A, Decensi A. The synthetic retinoid fenretinide lowers plasma insulin-like growth factor factor I levels in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 4769–4771
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonning P E, Hall K, Aakvaag A, Lien E A. Influence of tamoxifen on plasma levels of insulin-like growth factor I and insulin-like growth factor binding protein I in breast cancer patients. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 4719–4723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollak M, Costantino J, Polychronakos C, Blauer S-A, Guyda H, Redmond C, Fisher B, Margolese R. Effect of tamoxifen on serum insulinlike growth factor I levels in stage I breast cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 82: 1693–1697
   Google Scholar
• Lahti E I, Knip M, Laatikainen T J. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I and its binding proteins 1 and 3 in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer receiving long term tamoxifen. Cancer 1994; 74: 618–624
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tisi E, Lissoni P, Rovelli F, Mandelli D, Barni S, Tancini G. Blood levels of IGF-I in non-small cell lung cancer:relation to clinical data. Int J Biol Markers 1991; 6: 99–102
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glass A R, Kikendall J W, Sobin L H, Bowen P E. Serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 in colonic neoplasia. Acta Oncol 1994; 33: 70–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatavdekar J M, Patel D D, Vora H H, Balar D B. Circulating markers and growth factors as prognosticators in men with advanced tongue cancer. Tumour Biol 1993; 14: 55–58
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kanety H, Madjar Y, Dagan Y, Levi J, Papa M Z, Pariente C, Goldwasser B, Karasik A. Serum insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) is increased and IGFBP-3 is decreased in patients with prostate cancer:correlation with serum prostate-specific antigen. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1993; 77: 229–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitzel K, Bryce W, Tomita J, Manderino G, Tribby I, Thomason A, Billingsley M, Podczaski E, Harvey H, Bartholomew M, Lipton A. Elevated plasma platelet-derived growth factor B-chain levels in cancer patients. Cancer Res 1991; 51: 4149–4154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takei Y, Kurobe M, Uchida A, Hayashi K. Serum concentrations of basic fibroblast growth factor in breast cancer. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 1980–1981
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakrabarty S, Huang S, Moskal T L, Fritsche HA, Jr. Elevated serum levels of transforming growth factor-a in breast cancer patients. Cancer Lett 1994; 79: 157–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirai Y, Kawata S, Tamura S, Ito N, Tsushima H, Takaishi K, Kiso S, Matsuzawa Y. Plasma transforming growth factor-bl in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1994; 73: 2275–2279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fazekas-May M, Suen J Y, Yeh Y C, Yeh H W, Milligan L B. Investigation of urinary transforming growth factor alpha levels as tumour markers in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Head Neck 1990; 12: 411–416
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sweetenham J W, Davies D E, Warnes S, Alexander P. Urinary epidermal growth factor (hEGF) levels in patients with carcinomas of the breast, colon and rectum. Br J Cancer 1990; 62: 459–461
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanno H, Chiba Y, Kyuma Y, Hayashi A, Abe H, Takada H, Kim I, Yamamoto L. Urinary epidermal growth factor in patients with gliomas:Significance of the factor as a glial tumour marker. J Neurosurg 1993; 79: 408–413
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chopin D K, Camelle J-P, Colombel M, Palcy S, Ravery V, Caruelle D, Abbou C C, Barritault D. Increased immunodetection of acidic fibroblast growth factor in bladder cancer, detectable in urine. J Urol 1993; 150(1)126–1130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen M, Watanabe H, Budson A E, Richie J P, Folkman J. Elevated levels of the angiogenic peptide basic fibroblast growth factor in urine of bladder cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 241–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold P, Freedman S O. Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. J Exp Med 1965; 122: 467–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolley N L, Bacarese-Hamilton T. SR1 assays of a-fetoprotein, carcinoernbryonic antigen, and prostate-specific antigen compared with corresponding established commercial assays. Clin Chem 1994; 40: 895–899
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bormer O P. Immunoassays for carcinoembryonic antigen:specificity and interferences. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993; 33: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Suzuki N, Kondo K, Tominaga S, Kuroki M, Matsuoka Y. Heterogeneity of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen analyzed by sandwich-enzyme immunoassays with different specificities. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 4782–4787
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nagasaki H, Watanabe S, Kuroki M, Matsumoto Y, Murakami M, Omoda N, Kondo N, Jinnai H, Takaoka H, Matsuoka Y. An enzyme immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) with homogeneous reactivity to different CEA preparations and low cross-reactivity with CEA-related normal antigens. J Immunol Methods 1993; 162: 235–245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sparreboom A, Rongen HAH, Van Bennekom W. Assays for interferons and interleukins in biological matrices. Anal Chim Acta 1994; 295: 1–26
   Google Scholar
• Bienvenu J, Coulon L, Doche C, Gutowski M-C, Grau G E. Analytical performances of commercial ELISA-kits for IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-a. A WHO study. Eur Cyt Netw 1993; 4: 447–451
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorpe R, Wadhwa M, Bird C R, Mire-Sluis A R. Detection and measurement of cytokines. Blood Rev 1992; 6: 133–148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engelberts I, Stephens S, Francot GJM, van der Linden C J, Buurman W A. Evidence for different effects of soluble TNF-receptors on various TNF measurments in human biological fluids. Lancetii 1991; 515–516
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Benedetti F, Massa M, Pignatti P, Albani S, Novick D, Martini A. Serum soluble interleukin 6 (IL-6) receptor and IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor complex in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Invest 1994; 93: 2114–2119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May L T, Viguet H, Kenney J S, Ida N, Allison A C, Sehgal P B. High levels of “complexed” interleukin-6 in human blood. J Biol Chem 1992; 267: 19698–19704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki H, Takemura H, Yoshizaki K, Koishihara Y, Ohsugi Y, Okano A, Akiyama Y, Tojo T, Kishimoto T, Kashiwagi H. IL-6-anti-L-6 autoantibody complexes with IL-6 activity in sera from some patients with systemic sclerosis. J Immunol 1994; 152: 935–942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riches P, Gooding R, Millar B C, Rowbottom A W. Influence of collection and separation of blood samples on plasma IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations. J Immunol Methods 1992; 153: 125–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thavasu P W, Longhurst S, Joel S P, Slevin M L, Balkwill F R. Measuring cytokine levels in blood. Importance of anticoagulants, processing and storage conditions. J Immunol Methods 1992; 153: 115–124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei J, Xu H, Davies J L, Hemmings G P. Increase of plasma IL-6 concentration with age in healthy subjects. Life Sci 1992; 51: 1953–1956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer J, Hohagen F, Ebert T, Timmer J, Ganter U, Krieger S, Lis S, Postler E, Voderholzer U, Berger M. Interleukin-6 serum levels in healthy persons correspond to the sleep-wake cycle. Clin Invest 1994; 72: 315
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maes M, Stevens W, Scharpé S, Bosmans E, De Meyer F, D'Hondt P, Peeters D, Thompson P, Cosyns P, De Clerck L, Bridts C, Neels H, Wauters A, Cooreman W. Seasonal variation in peripheral blood leukocyte subsets and in serum interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-2 and -6 receptor concentrations in normal volunteers. Experientia 1994; 50: 821–829
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ullum H, Haahr P M, Diamat M, Palmo J, Halkjkr-Kristensen J, Pedersen B K. Bicycle exercise enhances plasma IL-6 but does not change IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-6, or TNF-α pre-mRNA in BMNC. J Appl Physiol 1994; 77: 93–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar