Liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients of Pakistani versus Scandinavian origin

References

• World Health Organization. Hepatitis C: global prevalence. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2000;75:17–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alter MJ, Kruszon-Moran D, Nainan OV, McQuillan GM, Gao F, Moyer LA, The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1998 through 1994. N Engl J Med 1999;341:556–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellentani S, Pozzato G, Saccoccio G, Crovatto M, Croce LS, Mazzoran L, Clinical course and risk factors of hepatitis C virus related liver disease in the general population: report from the Dionysos study. Gut 1999;44:874–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdel-Aziz F, Habib M. Hepatitis C virus infection in a community in the Nile Delta: risk factors for seropositivity. Hepatology 2000;32:111–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamid S, Umar M, Alam A, Siddiqui A, Qureshi H, Butt J. PSG consensus statement on management of hepatitis C virus infection – 2003. J Pak Med Assoc 2004;54:146–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waheed Y, Shafi T, Safi SZ, Qadri I. Hepatitis C virus in Pakistan: a systematic review of prevalence, genotypes and risk factors. World J Gastroenterol 2009;15:5647–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luby SP, Qamruddin K, Shah AA, The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 1997;119:349–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khattak MF, Salamat N, Bhatti FA, Qureshi TZ. Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors in northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 2002;52:398–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan AJ, Luby SP, Fikree F, Karim A, Obaid S, Dellawala S, Unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C in a periurban community in Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ 2000;78:956–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonsen L, Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Kane M. Unsafe injections in the developing world and the transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:789–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane A, Lloyd J, Zaffran M, Simonsen L, Kane M. Transmission of hepatitis B, hepatitis C and human immunodeficency viruses through unsafe injections in the developing world: model-based regional estimates. Bull World Health Organ 1999;77:801–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Altaf A, Janjua NZ, Hutin Y. The cost of unsafe injections in Pakistan and challenges for prevention program. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 2007;16:622–4.
   Google Scholar
• Oslo kommunes plandatabase/Statistisk sentralbyrå. Electronic Citation. www.utviklings-og-kompetanseetaten.oslo.kommune.no.
   Google Scholar
• Jenum AK, Holme I, Graff-Iversen S, Birkeland KI. Ethnicity and sex are strong determinants of diabetes in an urban Western society: implications for prevention. Diabetologia 2005;48:435–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedossa P, Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology 1996;24:289–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'souza R, Glynn MJ, Ushiro-Lumb I, Feakins R, Domizio P, Mears L, Prevalence of hepatitis C-related cirrhosis in elderly Asian patients infected in childhood. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;3:910–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tong CY, Khan R, Beeching NJ, Tariq WU, Hart CA, Ahmad N, Malik IA. The occurrence of hepatitis B and C viruses in Pakistani patients with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Epidemiol Infect 1996;117:327–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bukhtiari N, Hussain T, Iqbal M, Malik AM, Quereshi AH, Hussain A. Hepatitis B and C single and co-infection in chronic liver disease and their effect on disease pattern. J Pak Med Assoc 2003;53:136–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah HA, Jafri W, Malik I, Prescott L, Simmonds P. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and chronic liver disease in Pakistan. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997;12:758–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad K. Pakistan: a cirrhotic state? (World report). Lancet 2004;364:1843–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hourigan LF, MacDonald GA, Purdie D, Whitehall VH, Shorthouse C, Clouston A, Powell EE. Fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C correlates significantly with body mass index and steatosis. Hepatology 1999;29:1215–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mason AL, Lau JY, Hoang N, Qian K, Alexander GJ, Xu L, Association of diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1999;29:328–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong JP, Younossi ZM, Speer C, Olano A, Gramlich T, Boparai N. Chronic hepatitis C and superimposed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Liver 2001;21:266–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mihm S. Hepatitis C virus, diabetes and steatosis: clinical evidence in favor of a linkage and role of genotypes. Dig Dis 2010;28:280–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bochud PY, Cai T, Overbeck K, Bochud M, Dufour JF, Negro F, Genotype 3 is associated with accelerated fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2009;51:655–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poynard T, Bedossa P, Opolon P. Natural history of fibrosis progression in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Lancet 1997;349:825–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar