268
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Liver and biliary tract

Polymorphonuclear counts in ascitic fluid and microorganisms producing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: an under-recognized relationship

, , , &
Pages 1213-1221 | Received 23 May 2013, Accepted 01 Aug 2013, Published online: 26 Aug 2013

References

  • Runyon BA, Antillon MR. Ascitic fluid pH and lactate: insensitive and nonspecific tests in detecting ascitic fluid infection. Hepatology 1991;13:929–35.
  • Runyon BA; AASLD Practice Guidelines Committee. Management of adult patients with ascites due to cirrhosis: an update. Hepatology 2009;49:2087–107.
  • European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on the management of ascites, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 2010;53:397–417.
  • Rimola A, Garcia-Tsao G, Navasa M, Piddock LJ, Planas R, Bernard B, et al. Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: a consensus document. International Ascites Club. J Hepatol 2000;32:142–53.
  • Navasa M, Follo A, Filella X, Jiménez W, Francitorra A, Planas R, et al. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6 in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: relationship with the development of renal impairment and mortality. Hepatology 1998;27:1227–32.
  • Runyon BA, McHutchison JG, Antillon MR, Akriviadis EA, Montano AA. Short-course versus long-course antibiotic treatment of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. A randomized controlled study of 100 patients. Gastroenterology 1991;100:1737–42.
  • Garcia-Tsao G, Angulo P, Garcia JC, Groszmann RJ, Cadelina GW. The diagnostic and predictive value of ascites nitric oxide levels in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 1998;28:17–21.
  • Such J, Hillebrand DJ, Guarner C, Berk L, Zapater P, Westengard J, et al. Nitric oxide in ascitic fluid is an independent predictor of the development of renal impairment in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2004;16:571–7.
  • Francés R, Zapater P, González-Navajas JM, Muñoz C, Caño R, Moreu R, et al. Bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and noninfected ascites mimics the soluble immune response established in patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 2008;47:978–85.
  • Campillo B, Richardet JP, Kheo T, Dupeyron C. Nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in cirrhotic patients: impact of isolate type on prognosis and characteristics of infection. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1–10.
  • Wiest R, Krag A, Gerbes A. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis: recent guidelines and beyond. Gut 2012;61:297–310.
  • Ariza X, Castellote J, Lora-Tamayo J, Girbau A, Salord S, Rota R, et al. Risk factors for resistance to ceftriaxone and its impact on mortality in community, healthcare and nosocomial spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol 2012;56:825–32.
  • Soriano G, Castellote J, Alvarez C, Girbau A, Gordillo J, Baliellas C, et al. Secondary bacterial peritonitis in cirrhosis: a retrospective study of clinical and analytical characteristics, diagnosis and management. J Hepatol 2010;52:39–44.
  • Biggins SW, Kim WR, Terrault NA, Saab S, Balan V, Schiano T, et al. Evidence-based incorporation of serum sodium concentration into MELD. Gastroenterology 2006;130:1652–60.
  • Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, McGarry SA, Trivette SL, Briggs JP, et al. Health care-associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:791–7.
  • Merli M, Lucidi C, Giannelli V, Giusto M, Riggio O, Falcone M, et al. Cirrhotic patients are at risk for health care-associated bacterial infections. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;8:979–85.
  • Castellote J, Xiol X, Verdaguer R, Ribes J, Guardiola J, Gimenez A, et al. Comparison of two ascitic fluid culture methods in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85:1605–8.
  • Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute/CLSI 2009. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 17th Informational supplement. Wayne: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2007.
  • Legrand P, Fournier G, Buré A, Jarlier V, Nicolas MH, Decré D, et al. Detection of extended broad-spectrum beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae in four French hospitals. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989;8:527–9.
  • Wanahita A, Goldsmith EA, Musher DM, Clarridge JE 3rd, Rubio J, Krishnan B, et al. Interaction between human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and Streptococcus milleri group bacteria. J Infect Dis 2002;185:85–90.
  • Beck M, Frodl R, Funke G. Comprehensive study of strains previously designated Streptococcus bovis consecutively isolated from human blood cultures and emended description of Streptococcus gallolyticus and Streptococcus infantarius subsp. coli. J Clin Microbiol 2008;46:2966–72.
  • Bert F, Valla D, Moreau R, Nicolas-Chanoine MH. Viridans Group streptococci causing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and bacteremia in patients with end-stage liver disease. Liver Transpl 2008;14:710–11.
  • Moellering RC, Allen DM, Hatman BJ, Pier GB, Ramphal R. Bacterial diseases. In Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R, editors. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett´s. Principles and practice of infectious diseases. Philadelphia: Elsevier Inc.; 2005. pp 2411–21; 2632-6; 2587-615.
  • Pelletier G, Salmon D, Ink O, Hannoun S, Attali P, Buffet C, et al. Culture-negative neutrocytic ascites: a less severe variant of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. J Hepatol 1990;10:327–31.
  • Kamani L, Mumtaz K, Ahmed US, Ali AW, Jafri W. Outcomes in culture positive and culture negative ascitic fluid infection in patients with viral cirrhosis: cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol 2008;8:59.
  • Tuomanen EI, Austrian R, Masure HR. Pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1280–4.
  • Chaiwarith R, Jullaket W, Bunchoo M, Nuntachit N, Sirisanthana T, Supparatpinyo K. Streptococcus agalactiae in adults at Chiang Mai University Hospital: a retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:149.
  • Andersson DI. The biological cost of mutational antibiotic resistance: any practical conclusions? Curr Opin Microbiol 2006;9:461–5.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.