Nitric oxide is a potential mediator of hepatic inflammation and fibrogenesis in autoimmune hepatitis

References

• Krawitt EL. Autoimmune hepatitis. N Engl J Med 2006;354:54–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efe C, Wahlin S, Ozaslan E, Purnak T, Muratori L, Quarneti C, et al. Diagnostic difficulties, therapeutic strategies, and performance of scoring systems in patients with autoimmune hepatitis and concurrent hepatitis B/C. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013;48:504–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longhi MS, Ma Y, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D. Aetiopathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. J Autoimmun 2010;34:7–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efe C, Ozaslan E, Wahlin S, Purnak T, Muratori L, Quarneti C, et al. Antibodies to soluble liver antigen in patients with various liver diseases: a multicentre study. Liver Int 2013;33:190–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaja AJ. Review article: the prevention and reversal of hepatic fibrosis in autoimmune hepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;39:385–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoeroldt B, McFarlane E, Dube A, Basumani P, Karajeh M, Campbell MJ, et al. Long-term outcomes of patients with autoimmune hepatitis managed at a non-transplant center. Gastroenterology 2011;140:1980–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purnak T, Beyazit Y, Ibis M, Koklu S, Efe C, Ozaslan E, et al. The involvement of nitric oxide in the physiopathology of hepatoportal sclerosis. Clin Biochem 2012;45:1450–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czaja AJ. Hepatic inflammation and progressive liver fibrosis in chronic liver disease. World J Gastroenterol 2014;20:2515–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SL. Molecular regulation of hepatic fibrosis, an integrated cellular response to tissue injury. J Biol Chem 2000;275:2247–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poli G. Pathogenesis of liver fibrosis: role of oxidative stress. Mol Aspects Med 2000;21:49–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Czaja AJ. Review article: chemokines as orchestrators of autoimmune hepatitis and potential therapeutic targets. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2014;40:261–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kröncke KD, Fehsel K, Kolb-Bachofen V. Inducible nitric oxide synthase in human diseases. Clin Exp Immunol 1998;113:147–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sud A, Khullar M, Wanchu A, Bambery P. Increased nitric oxide production in patients with systemic sclerosis. Nitric Oxide 2000;4:615–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennes EM, Zeniya M, Czaja AJ, Pares A, Dalekos GN, Krawitt EL, et al. Simplified criteria for the diagnosis of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2008;48:169e76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manns MP, Czaja AJ, Gorham JD, Krawitt EL, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D, et al. Diagnosis and management of autoimmune hepatitis. Hepatology 2010;51:2193–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swamy M, Zakaria AZ, Govindasamy C, Sirajudeen KN, Nadiger HA. Effects of acute ammonia toxicity on nitric oxide (NO), citrulline-NO cycle enzymes, arginase and related metabolites in different regions of rat brain. Neurosci Res 2005;53:116–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedossa P, Poynard T. An algorithm for the grading of activity in chronic hepatitis C. The METAVIR Cooperative Study Group. Hepatology 1996;24:289–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grønbæk L, Vilstrup H, Jepsen P. Autoimmune hepatitis in Denmark: incidence, prevalence, prognosis, and causes of death. A nationwide registry-based cohort study. J Hepatol 2014;60:612–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberal R, Longhi MS, Mieli-Vergani G, Vergani D. Pathogenesis of autoimmune hepatitis. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2011;25:653–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SL. The cellular basis of hepatic fibrosis. Mechanisms and treatment strategies. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1828–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landi A, Weismuller TJ, Lankisch TO, Santer DM, Tyrrell DL, Manns MP, et al. Differential serum levels of eosinophilic eotaxins in primary sclerosing cholangitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, and autoimmune hepatitis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2014;34:204–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman SL. Mechanisms of hepatic fibrogenesis. Gastroenterology 2008;134:1655–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu LS, George J, Wang JH. Current concepts on the role of nitric oxide in portal hypertension. World J Gastroenterol 2013;19:1707–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almawi WY. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid effects. Mod Asp Immunobiol 2001;2:78–82.
   Google Scholar
• Migita K, Eguchi K, Kawabe Y, Nakamura T, Shirabe S, Tsukada T, et al. Apoptosis induction in human peripheral blood T lymphocytes by highdose steroid therapy. Transplantation 1997;63:583–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iredale JP, Benyon RC, Pickering J, McCullen M, Northrop M, Pawley S, et al. Mechanisms of spontaneous resolution of rat liver fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cell apoptosis and reduced hepatic expression of metalloproteinase inhibitors. J Clin Invest 1998;102:538–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centrella M, McCarthy TL, Canalis E. Glucocorticoid regulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 activity and binding in osteoblast-enriched cultures from fetal rat bone. Mol Cell Biol 1991;11:4490–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudzinski DM, Igarashi J, Greif D, Michel T. The regulation and pharmacology of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2006;46:235–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyazit Y, Sayilir A, Koklu S, Torun S, Suvak B, et al. Serum nitric oxide levels in patients with benign and malignant biliary disease: a prospective single center study. J Clin Gastroenterol 2013;47:258–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura K, Kobayashi Y, Kageyama F, Kawasaki T, Nagasawa M, Toyokuni S, et al. Enhanced hepatic lipid peroxidation in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:3596–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreno-Otero R. May oxidative stress contribute to autoimmune hepatitis pathogenesis, and can antioxidants be of value as adjuvant therapy for refractory patients? Dig Dis Sci 2013;58:1440–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokari A, Zeniya M, Esumi H, Kawabe T, Gershwin ME, Toda G. Detection of serum nitrite and nitrate in primary biliary cirrhosis: possible role of nitric oxide in bile duct injury. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;17:308–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pemberton PW, Aboutwerat A, Smith A, Burrows PC, McMahon RF, Warnes TW. Oxidant stress in type I autoimmune hepatitis: the link between necroinflammation and fibrogenesis? Biochim Biophys Acta 2004;1689:182–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz-Cameno P, Medina J, García-Buey L, García-Sanchez A, Borgue MJ, Martin-Vichez S, et al. Enhanced intrahepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and nitrotyrosine accumulation in primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis. J Hepatol 2002;37:723–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar