Procalcitonin is useful in identifying bacteraemia among children with pneumonia

References

• Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H. Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia. Bull World Health Organ 2008;86:408–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento-Carvalho CM. Etiology of childhood community acquired pneumonia and its implications for vaccination. Braz J Infect Dis 2001;5:87–97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Integrated management of childhood illness. Chart booklet WC 503.2. Geneva: WHO; 2008. Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241597289_eng.pdf (accessed January 15, 2009).
   Google Scholar
• Shann F. Etiology of severe pneumonia in children in developing countries. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1986;5:247–52.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale KA, Isaacs D. Antibiotics in childhood pneumonia. Pediatr Resp Rev 2006;7:45–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peltola V, Ruuskanen O. Respiratory viral infections in developing countries: common, severe, and unrecognized. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:58–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cilla G, Onate E, Perez-Yarza EG, Montes M, Vicente D, Perez-Trallero E. Viruses in community-acquired pneumonia in children aged less than 3 years old: high rate of viral coinfection. J Med Virol 2008;80:1843–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korppi M, Don M, Valent F, Canciani M. The value of clinical features in differentiating between viral, pneumococcal and atypical bacterial pneumonia in children. Acta Paediatr 2008;97:943–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäkelä MJ, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Kimpimäki M, . Viruses and bacteria in the etiology of the common cold. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:539–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyypiä T, Puhakka T, Ruuskanen O, Mäkelä M, Arola A, Arstila P. Molecular diagnosis of human rhinovirus infection: comparison with virus isolation. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36: 2081–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvén T, Mertsola J, Waris M, Leinonen M, Meurman O, Roivainen M, . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 254 hospitalized children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19:293–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saukkoriipi A, Palmu A, Kilpi T, Leinonen M. Real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae in the middle ear fluid of children with acute otitis media. Mol Cell Probes 2002;16:385–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korppi M, Paldanius M, Hyvarinen A, Nevalainen A. Simkania negevensis and newly diagnosed asthma: a case–control study in 1- to 6-year-old children. Respirology 2006; 11:80–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nascimento-Carvalho CM, Ribeiro CT, Cardoso MR, Barral A, Araújo-Neto CA, Oliveira JR, . The role of respiratory viral infections among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in a developing country. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2008;27:939–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assicot M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, Raymond J, Guilbaud J, Bohuon C. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet 1993;341:515–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendrel D, Raymond J, Coste J, Moulin F, Lorrot M, Guérin S, . Comparison of procalcitonin with C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and interferon-alpha for differentiation of bacterial vs. viral infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18:875–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moulin F, Raymond J, Lorrot M, Marc E, Coste J, Iniguez JL, . Procalcitonin in children admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia. Arch Dis Child 2001;84: 332–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prat C, Domínguez J, Rodrigo C, Giménez M, Azuara M, Jiménez O, . Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and leukocyte count in children with lower respiratory tract infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2003;22:963–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller B, Harbarth S, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Mueller C, Leuppi J, . Diagnostic and prognostic accuracy of clinical and laboratory parameters in community-acquired pneumonia. BMC Infect Dis 2007;7:10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toikka P, Irjala K, Juvén T, Virkki R, Mertsola J, Leinonen M, . Serum procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 for distinguishing bacterial and viral pneumonia in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000;19: 598–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christ-Crain M, Stolz D, Bingisser R, Müller C, Miedinger D, Huber PR, . Procalcitonin guidance of antibiotic therapy in community-acquired pneumonia: a randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;174:84–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederman MS. Biological markers to determine eligibility in trials for community-acquired pneumonia: a focus on procalcitonin. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(Suppl 3):S127–32.
   Google Scholar
• Maniaci V, Dauber A, Weiss S, Nylen E, Becker KL, Bachur R. Procalcitonin in young febrile infants for the detection of serious bacterial infections. Pediatrics 2008;122:701–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korppi M, Leinonen M, Ruuskanen O. Pneumococcal serology in children's respiratory infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:167–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Price GE, Gaszewsk-Mastarlarz A, Moskophidis D. The role of alpha/beta and gamma interferons in development of immunity to influenza A virus in mice. J Virol 2000;74: 3996–4003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar