Enterococcal endocarditis among intravenous drug users: Report of a cluster of cases, possibly caused by contaminated amphetamine

References

• Moss R, Munt B. Injection drug use and right sided endocarditis. Heart 2003;89:577–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa FG, Cicalini S, Canta F, Audagnotto S, Cecchi E, Di Perri G. Infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users from Italy: the increasing importance in HIV-infected patients. Infection 2007;35:154–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain V, Yang MH, Kovacicova-Lezcano G, Juhle LS, Bolger AF, Winston LG. Infective endocarditis in an urban medical center: association of individual drugs with valvular involvement. J Infect 2008;57:132–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew J, Addai T, Anand A, Morrobel A, Maheshwari P, Freels S. Clinical features, site of involvement, bacteriologic findings, and outcome of infective endocarditis in intravenous drug users. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1641–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saeedi B, Hallgren A, Jonasson J, Nilsson LE, Hanberger H, Isaksson B. Modified pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocol for typing of enterococci. APMIS 2002;110:869–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, . Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2233–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alestig K, Hogevik H, Olaison L. Infective endocarditis: a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for the new millennium. Scand J Infect Dis 2000;32:343–56.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fernandez Guerrero ML, Goyenechea A, Verdejo C, Roblas RF, de Gorgolas M. Enterococcal endocarditis on native and prosthetic valves: a review of clinical and prognostic factors with emphasis on hospital-acquired infections as a major determinant of outcome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2007;86:363–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald JR, Olaison L, Anderson DJ, Hoen B, Miro JM, Eykyn S, . Enterococcal endocarditis: 107 cases from the international collaboration on endocarditis merged database. Am J Med 2005;118:759–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogevik H, Olaison L, Andersson R, Lindberg J, Alestig K. Epidemiologic aspects of infective endocarditis in an urban population. A 5-year prospective study. Medicine (Baltimore) 1995;74:324–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, Miro JM, Fowler VG Jr, Bayer AS, . Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the international collaboration on endocarditis prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:463–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calza L, Manfredi R, Marinacci G, Fortunato L, Chiodo F. Ampicillin, gentamicin and teicoplanin as antimicrobial therapy for recurrent Streptococcus agalactiae and Enterococcus faecalis endocarditis in an intravenous drug abuser with HIV infection. Chemotherapy 2003;49:206–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiner NE, Gopalakrishna KV, Lerner PI. Enterococcal endocarditis in heroin addicts. JAMA 1976;235:1861–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalme A, Westling K, Julander I. In-hospital and long-term mortality in infective endocarditis in injecting drug users compared to non-drug users: a retrospective study of 192 episodes. Scand J Infect Dis 2007;39:197–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin-Davila P, Navas E, Fortun J, Moya JL, Cobo J, Pintado V, . Analysis of mortality and risk factors associated with native valve endocarditis in drug users: the importance of vegetation size. Am Heart J 2005;150:1099–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon RJ, Lowy FD. Bacterial infections in drug users. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1945–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuazon CU, Sheagren JN. Staphylococcal endocarditis in parenteral drug abusers: source of the organism. Ann Intern Med 1975;82:788–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner SB, Passaro D, McGee J, Schechter R, Vugia DJ. Wound botulism in California, 1951–1998: recent epidemic in heroin injectors. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:1018–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shekar R, Rice TW, Zierdt CH, Kallick CA. Outbreak of endocarditis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotype O11 among pentazocine and tripelennamine abusers in Chicago. J Infect Dis 1985;151:203–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills J, Drew D. Serratia marcescens endocarditis: a regional illness associated with intravenous drug abuse. Ann Intern Med 1976;84:29–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spijkerman IJ, van Ameijden EJ, Mientjes GH, Coutinho RA, van den Hoek A. Human immunodeficiency virus infection and other risk factors for skin abscesses and endocarditis among injection drug users. J Clin Epidemiol 1996;49: 1149–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar