Improvement of CRB-65 as a prognostic scoring system in adult patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia

References

• Ambrosino N, Armaganidis A, Beurskens H. Pneumonia. Loddenkemper R, Gibson GJ, Sibille Y. European Respiratory/European Lung Foundation. European lung white book. The first comprehensive survey on respiratory health in Europe. Sheffield, UK: ERSJ; 2003 55–65.
   Google Scholar
• Fine MJ, Smith MA, Carson CA, Mutha SS, Sankey SS, Weissfeld LA, . Prognosis and outcomes of patients with community-acquired pneumonia. A meta-analysis. JAMA 1996;275:134–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcos MA, Jimenez de Anta MT, de la Bellacasa JP, Gonzalez J, Martinez E, Garcia E, . Rapid urinary antigen test for diagnosis of pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Eur Respir J 2003;21:209–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortqvist A, Kalin M, Julander I, Mufson MA. Deaths in bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. A comparison of two populations—Huntington, WVa, and Stockholm, Sweden. Chest 1993;103:710–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalin M, Ortqvist A, Almela M, Aufwerber E, Dwyer R, Henriques B, . Prospective study of prognostic factors in community-acquired bacteremic pneumococcal disease in 5 countries. J Infect Dis 2000;182:840–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bordon J, Peyrani P, Brock GN, Blasi F, Rello J, File T, . The presence of pneumococcal bacteremia does not influence clinical outcomes in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: results from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Organization (CAPO) International Cohort study. Chest 2008;133:618–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, Bartlett JG, Campbell GD, Dean NC, . Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44(Suppl 2):S27–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, . A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:243–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neill AM, Martin IR, Weir R, Anderson R, Chereshsky A, Epton MJ, . Community acquired pneumonia: aetiology and usefulness of severity criteria on admission. Thorax 1996;51:1010–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WS, Macfarlane JT, Boswell TC, Harrison TG, Rose D, Leinonen M, . Study of community acquired pneumonia aetiology (SCAPA) in adults admitted to hospital: implications for management guidelines. Thorax 2001;56: 296–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WS, van der Eerden MM, Laing R, Boersma WG, Karalus N, Town GI, . Defining community acquired pneumonia severity on presentation to hospital: an international derivation and validation study. Thorax 2003;58:377–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim WS, Baudouin SV, George RC, Hill AT, Jamieson C, Le Jeune I, . BTS guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in adults: update 2009. Thorax 2009;64(Suppl 3):iii1–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shindo Y, Sato S, Maruyama E, Ohashi T, Ogawa M, Imaizumi K, . Comparison of severity scoring systems A-DROP and CURB-65 for community-acquired pneumonia. Respirology 2008;13:731–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charles PG, Wolfe R, Whitby M, Fine MJ, Fuller AJ, Stirling R, . SMART-COP: a tool for predicting the need for intensive respiratory or vasopressor support in community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:375–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yandiola PP, Capelastegui A, Quintana J, Diez R, Gorordo I, Bilbao A, . Prospective comparison of severity scores for predicting clinically relevant outcomes for patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2009; 135:1572–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman C, Alanee S, Yu VL, Richards GA, Ortqvist A, Rello J, . Severity of illness scoring systems in patients with bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia: implications for the intensive care unit care. Clin Microbiol Infect 2009; 15:850–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ewig S, de Roux A, Bauer T, Garcia E, Mensa J, Niederman M, . Validation of predictive rules and indices of severity for community acquired pneumonia. Thorax 2004;59:421–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewig S, Ruiz M, Mensa J, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, . Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Assessment of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1102–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spindler C, Ortqvist A. Prognostic score systems and community-acquired bacteraemic pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006;28:816–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederman MS, Mandell LA, Anzueto A, Bass JB, Broughton WA, Campbell GD, . Guidelines for the management of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. Diagnosis, assessment of severity, antimicrobial therapy, and prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;163:1730–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coley CM, Li YH, Medsger AR, Marrie TJ, Fine MJ, Kapoor WN, . Preferences for home vs hospital care among low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1996;156:1565–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File TM Jr, Musher DM, Fine MJ. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2000;31:347–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aujesky D, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Stone RA, Obrosky DS, Meehan TP, . Prospective comparison of three validated prediction rules for prognosis in community-acquired pneumonia. Am J Med 2005;118:384–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stralin K, Goscinski G, Hedlund J, Lidman C, Spindler C, Ortqvist A, . [Management of adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia. Evidence-based guidelines from the Swedish Infectious Diseases Association]. Lakartidningen 2008;105:2582–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McAlister FA, Majumdar SR, Blitz S, Rowe BH, Romney J, Marrie TJ. The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2,471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia. Diabetes Care 2005;28: 810–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrie TJ, Wu L. Factors influencing in-hospital mortality in community-acquired pneumonia: a prospective study of patients not initially admitted to the ICU. Chest 2005;127: 1260–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortqvist A, Hedlund J, Grillner L, Jalonen E, Kallings I, Leinonen M, . Aetiology, outcome and prognostic factors in community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Eur Respir J 1990;3:1105–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myint PK, Kamath AV, Vowler SL, Maisey DN, Harrison BD. Severity assessment criteria recommended by the British Thoracic Society (BTS) for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and older patients. Should SOAR (systolic blood pressure, oxygenation, age and respiratory rate) criteria be used in older people? A compilation study of two prospective cohorts. Age Ageing 2006;35:286–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bewick T, Greenwood S, Lim WS. What is the role of pulse oximetry in the assessment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in primary care? Prim Care Respir J 2010;19:301–3.
   Google Scholar
• Tilghman RC, Finland M. Clinical significance of bacteremia in pneumococcal pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 1937; 59:602–21.
   Google Scholar
• Austrian R, Gold J. Pneumococcal bacteremia with especial reference to bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 1964;60:759–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown PD, Lerner SA. Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 1998;352:1295–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Mensa J, . Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity, and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:397–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar