Anti-Shiga toxin immunoglobulin G antibodies in healthy South Korean slaughterhouse workers

References

• Adak GK, Wall PG, Smith HR, Cheasty T, Bolton FJ, Griffin MA, . PHLS begins a national case control study of Escherichia coli O157 infection in England. Commun Dis Rep CDR Rev 1996;6:R144–6.
   Google Scholar
• Nataro J, Kaper JB. Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 1998;11:142–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mellmann A, Bielaszewska M, Kock R, Friedrich AW, Fruth A, Middendorf B, . Analysis of collection of hemolytic uremic syndrome-associated enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14:1287–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozzi AE, Caprioli A, Minelli F, Gianviti A, De Petris L, Edefonti A, . Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infections associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome, Italy, 1988–2000. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:106–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melton-Celsa AR, O'Brien AD. Animal models for STEC-mediated disease. Methods Mol Med 2003;73:291–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedrich AW, Bielaszewska M, Zhang WL, Pulz M, Kuczius T, Ammon A, . Escherichia coli harboring Shiga toxin 2 gene variants: frequency and association with clinical symptoms. J Infect Dis 2002;185:74–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Bielaszewska M, Friedrich AW, Kuczius T, Karch H. Transcriptional analysis of genes encoding Shiga toxin 2 and its variants in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005;71:558–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Bielaszewska M, Kuczius T, Karch H. Identification, characterization, and distribution of a Shiga toxin 1 gene variant (stx(1c)) in Escherichia coli strains isolated from humans. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1441–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greatorex JS, Thorne GM. Humoral immune responses to Shiga-like toxins and Escherichia coli O157 lipopolysaccharide in hemolytic–uremic syndrome patients and healthy subjects. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1172–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai Y, Ishikawa T, Tanikawa T, Nakagami H, Maekawa T, Kurohane K. Production of IgA monoclonal antibody against Shiga toxin binding subunits employing nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. J Immunol Methods 2005;302:125–35.
   Google Scholar
• Imai Y, Nagai R, Ono Y, Ishikawa T, Nakagami H, Tanikawa T, . Production of secretory immunoglobulin A against Shiga toxin-binding subunits in mice by mucosal immunization. Infect Immun 2004;72:889–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Keusch GT, Jacewicz M, Levine MM, Hornick RB, Kochwa S. Pathogenesis of Shigella diarrhea. Serum anticytotoxin antibody response produced by toxigenic and nontoxigenic Shigella dysenteriae 1. J Clin Invest 1976;57:194–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig K, Karmali MA, Sarkim V, Bobrowski C, Petric M, Karch H, . Antibody response to Shiga toxins Stx2 and Stx1 in children with enteropathic hemolytic–uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 2001;39:2272–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludwig K, Sarkim V, Bitzan M, Karmali MA, Bobrowski C, Ruder H, . Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli infection and antibodies against Stx2 and Stx1 in household contacts of children with enteropathic hemolytic–uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:1773–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. Cellular and molecular immunology. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co.; 1991 pp 302–8.
   Google Scholar
• Keusch GT, Jacewicz M. Serum enterotoxin-neutralizing antibody in human shigellosis. Nat New Biol 1973;241:31–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chart H, Scotland SM, Rowe B. Serum antibodies to Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 in patients with hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:285–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen A, Madrid-Marina V, Estrov Z, Freedman MH, Lingwood CA, Dosch HM. Expression of glycolipid receptors to Shiga-like toxin on human B lymphocytes: a mechanism for the failure of long-lived antibody response to dysenteric disease. Int Immunol 1990;2:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirro F, Wieler LH, Failing K, Bauerfeind R, Baljer G. Neutralizing antibodies against Shiga-like toxins from Escherichia coli in colostra and sera of cattle. Vet Microbiol 1995;43:131–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acheson DW, Jacewicz M, Kane AV, Donohue-Rolfe A, Keusch GT. One step high yield affinity purification of Shiga-like toxin II variants and quantitation using enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. Microb Pathog 1993;14:57–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Islam D, Wretlind B, Ryd M, Lindberg AA, Christensson B. Immunoglobulin subclass distribution and dynamics of Shigella-specific antibody responses in serum and stool samples in shigellosis. Infect Immun 1995;63:2054–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukherjee J, Chios K, Fishwild D, Hudson D, O'Donnell S, Rich SM, . Production and characterization of protective human antibodies against Shiga toxin 1. Infect Immun 2002;70:5896–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reymond D, Johnson RP, Karmali MA, Petric M, Winkler M, Johnson S, . Neutralizing antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin 1 and antibodies to O157 lipopolysaccharide in healthy farm family members and urban residents. J Clin Microbiol 1996;34:2053–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong CS, Jelacic S, Habeeb RL, Watkins SL, Tarr PI. The risk of the hemolytic–uremic syndrome after antibiotic treatment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections. N Engl J Med 2000;342:1930–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong S, Oh KH, Cho SH, Kim JC, Park MS, Lim HS, Lee BK. Asymptomatic healthy slaughterhouse workers in South Korea carrying Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2009;56:41–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Burnens AP, Frey A, Lior H, Nicolet J. Prevalence and clinical significance of Vero-cytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) isolated from cattle in herds with and without calf diarrhoea. Zentralbl Veterinarmed B 1995; 42:311–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hussein HS. Prevalence and pathogenicity of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in beef cattle and their products. J Anim Sci 2007;85:E63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmali MA. Infection by verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989;2:15–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson J, Spika J, Clarke R, McEwen S, Johnson R, Rahn K, . Verocytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. Can Commun Dis Rep 1998;24:17–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson JB, Clarke RC, Renwick SA, Rahn K, Johnson RP, Karmali MA, . Vero cytotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in dairy farm families. J Infect Dis 1996;174: 1021–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan R, Ragettli S, Untermann F. Prevalence and characteristics of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) in stool samples from asymptomatic human carriers working in the meat processing industry in Switzerland. J Appl Microbiol 2000;88:335–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephan R, Untermann F. Virulence factors and phenotypical traits of verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from asymptomatic human carriers. J Clin Microbiol 1999;37:1570–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmali MA, Mascarenhas M, Petric M, Dutil L, Rahn K, Ludwig K, . Age-specific frequencies of antibodies to Escherichia coli verocytotoxins (Shiga toxins) 1 and 2 among urban and rural populations in southern Ontario. J Infect Dis 2003;188:1724–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Head SC, Karmali MA, Roscoe ME, Petric M, Strockbine NA, Wachsmuth IK. Serological differences between verocytotoxin 2 and Shiga-like toxin II. Lancet 1988;2:751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien AD, Tesh VL, Donohue-Rolfe A, Jackson MP, Olsnes S, Sandvig K, . Shiga toxin: biochemistry, genetics, mode of action, and role in pathogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1992;180:65–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmali MA, Petric M, Winkler M, Bielaszewska M, Brunton J, van de Kar N, . Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to Escherichia coli Vero cytotoxin 1. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1457–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar