References
- Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). Report on the global AIDS epidemic. UNAIDS; December 2010. Available at: http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cfca9c62.html (accessed 21 March 2012).
- Lohse N, Hansen AB, Pedersen G, Kronborg G, Gerstoft J, Sorensen HT, . Survival of persons with and without HIV infection in Denmark, 1995–2005. Ann Intern Med 2007;146:87–95.
- Mocroft A, Ledergerber B, Katlama C, Kirk O, Reiss P, d’Arminio MA, . Decline in the AIDS and death rates in the EuroSIDA study: an observational study. Lancet 2003;362:22–9.
- Obel N, Omland LH, Kronborg G, Larsen CS, Pedersen C, Pedersen G, . Impact of non-HIV and HIV risk factors on survival in HIV-infected patients on HAART: a population-based nationwide cohort study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22698.
- Leone S, Gregis G, Quinzan G, Velenti D, Cologni G, Soavi L, . Causes of death and risk factors among HIV-infected persons in the HAART era: analysis of a large urban cohort. Infection 2011;39:13–20.
- Zwahlen M, Harris R, May M, Hogg R, Costagliola D, de Wolf F, . Mortality of HIV-infected patients starting potent antiretroviral therapy: comparison with the general population in nine industrialized countries. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:1624–33.
- Jagger C, Weston C, Cambois E, van Oyen H, Nusselder W, Doblhammer G, . Inequalities in health expectancies at older ages in the European Union: findings from the Survey of Health and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). J Epidemiol Community Health 2011;65:1030–5.
- Jarrin I, Geskus R, Bhaskaran K, Prins M, Perez-Hoyos S, Muga R, . Gender differences in HIV progression to AIDS and death in industrialized countries: slower disease progression following HIV seroconversion in women. Am J Epidemiol 2008;168:532–40.
- Kesselring AM, Gras L, Wit FW, Smit C, Geerlings SE, Mulder JW, . Immune restoration and onset of new AIDS-defining events with combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV type-1-infected immigrants in the Netherlands. Antivir Ther 2010;15:871–9.
- Junghans C, Low N, Chan P, Witschi A, Vernazza P, Egger M. Uniform risk of clinical progression despite differences in utilization of highly active antiretroviral therapy: Swiss HIV Cohort Study. AIDS 1999;13:2547–54.
- Lemly DC, Shepherd BE, Hulgan T, Rebeiro P, Stinnette S, Blackwell RB, . Race and sex differences in antiretroviral therapy use and mortality among HIV-infected persons in care. J Infect Dis 2009;199:991–8.
- Meditz AL, MaWhinney S, Allshouse A, Feser W, Markowitz M, Little S, . Sex, race, and geographic region influence clinical outcomes following primary HIV-1 infection. J Infect Dis 2011;203:442–51.
- Woldemichael G, Christiansen D, Thomas S, Benbow N. Demographic characteristics and survival with AIDS: health disparities in Chicago, 1993–2001. Am J Public Health 2009; 99(Suppl 1):S118–23.
- Moore AL, Sabin CA, Johnson MA, Phillips AN. Gender and clinical outcomes after starting highly active antiretroviral treatment: a cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2002;29:197–202.
- Sterling TR, Vlahov D, Astemborski J, Hoover DR, Margolick JB, Quinn TC. Initial plasma HIV-1 RNA levels and progression to AIDS in women and men. N Engl J Med 2001;344:720–5.
- Finkel DG, John G, Holland B, Slim J, Smith SM. Women have a greater immunological response to effective virological HIV-1 therapy. AIDS 2003;17:2009–11.
- Floridia M, Giuliano M, Palmisano L, Vella S. Gender differences in the treatment of HIV infection. Pharmacol Res 2008;58:173–82.
- Time from HIV-1 seroconversion to AIDS and death before widespread use of highly-active antiretroviral therapy: a collaborative re-analysis. Collaborative Group on AIDS Incubation and HIV Survival including the CASCADE EU Concerted Action. Concerted Action on SeroConversion to AIDS and Death in Europe. Lancet 2000; 355:1131–7.
- Ndiaye B, Salleron J, Vincent A, Bataille P, Bonnevie F, Choisy P, . Factors associated with presentation to care with advanced HIV disease in Brussels and Northern France: 1997–2007. BMC Infect Dis 2011;11:11.
- Helleberg M, Engsig FN, Kronborg G, Laursen AL, Pedersen G, Larsen O, . Late presenters, repeated testing, and missed opportunities in a Danish nationwide HIV cohort. Scand J Infect Dis 2012;44:282–8.
- Obel N, Engsig FN, Rasmussen LD, Larsen MV, Omland LH, Sorensen HT. Cohort profile: the Danish HIV cohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2009;38:1202–6.
- Statistics Denmark. Available at: http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w =1440 (accessed 1 April 2011).
- From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. JAMA 1993;269:460.
- Gray RJ. A class of K-sample tests for comparing the cumulative incidence of a competing risk. Ann Stat 1988;16: 1141–54.
- R Development Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2011.
- Lodwick RK, Sabin CA, Porter K, Ledergerber B, van Sighem A, Cozzi-Lepri A, . Death rates in HIV-positive antiretroviral-naive patients with CD4 count greater than 350 cells per microL in Europe and North America: a pooled cohort observational study. Lancet 2010;376:340–5.
- Rajasuriar R, Gouillou M, Spelman T, Read T, Hoy J, Law M, . Clinical predictors of immune reconstitution following combination antiretroviral therapy in patients from the Australian HIV Observational Database. PLoS One 2011;6:e20713.
- Giordano TP, Bartsch G, Zhang Y, Tedaldi E, Absalon J, Mannheimer S, . Disparities in outcomes for African American and Latino subjects in the Flexible Initial Retrovirus Suppressive Therapies (FIRST) trial. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2010;24:287–95.
- Achhra AC, Zhou J, Dabis F, Pujari S, Thiebaut R, Law MG, . Difference in absolute CD4 + count according to CD4 percentage between Asian and Caucasian HIV-infected patients. J AIDS Clin Res 2010;1:1–4.
- Meier A, Chang JJ, Chan ES, Pollard RB, Sidhu HK, Kulkarni S, . Sex differences in the Toll-like receptor-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1. Nat Med 2009;15:955–9.
- Prins M, Robertson JR, Brettle RP, Aguado IH, Broers B, Boufassa F, . Do gender differences in CD4 cell counts matter? AIDS 1999;13:2361–4.
- Taarnhoj GA, Engsig FN, Ravn P, Johansen IS, Larsen CS, Roge B, . Incidence, risk factors and mortality of tuberculosis in Danish HIV patients 1995–2007. BMC Pulm Med 2011;11:26.
- Hubert JB, Rouzioux C, Boufassa F, Delfraissy JF, Meyer L. Gender, disease progression and response to HAART. Abstract ThOrC1448. XIV International AIDS Conference, Barcelona, Spain, 7–12 July 2002.
- Perez-Hoyos S, del Amo J, Muga R, del Romero J, Garcia de OP, Guerrero R, . Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy in Spanish cohorts of HIV seroconverters: differences by transmission category. AIDS 2003;17:353–9.
- Smith C, Sabin CA, Lundgren JD, Thiebaut R, Weber R, Law M, . Factors associated with specific causes of death amongst HIV-positive individuals in the D:A:D Study. AIDS 2010;24:1537–48.
- Petersen TS, Andersen SE, Gerstoft J, Thorsteinsson K, Larsen CS, Pedersen G, . Adherence to national guidelines for initiation of antiretroviral regimens in HIV patients: a Danish nationwide study. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2011;72:116–24.
- Hessol NA, Kalinowski A, Benning L, Mullen J, Young M, Palella F, . Mortality among participants in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study and the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Clin Infect Dis 2007;44:287–94.
- Larsen MV, Omland LH, Gerstoft J, Larsen CS, Jensen J, Obel N, . Impact of injecting drug use on mortality in Danish HIV-infected patients: a nation-wide population-based cohort study. Addiction 2010;105:529–35.
- Weis N, Lindhardt BO, Kronborg G, Hansen AB, Laursen AL, Christensen PB, . Impact of hepatitis C virus coinfection on response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and outcome in HIV-infected individuals: a nationwide cohort study. Clin Infect Dis 2006;42:1481–7.
- Tohme RA, Holmberg SD. Is sexual contact a major mode of hepatitis C virus transmission? Hepatology 2010;52: 1497–505.
- Friis-Moller N, Weber R, Reiss P, Thiebaut R, Kirk O, d’Arminio MA, . Cardiovascular disease risk factors in HIV patients—association with antiretroviral therapy. Results from the DAD study. AIDS 2003;17:1179–93.
- The Danish National Board of Health. Copenhagen: Sundhedsstyrelsen. Available at: http://www.sst.dk/Sundhed%20og%20forebyggelse/Tobak/Tal_og_undersoegelser/Danskernes_rygevaner/UdvilkingDec2010.aspx (accessed 21 March 2012).
- Human Mortality Database. University of California, Berkeley (USA), and Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany). 2012. http://www.humanmortality.de.