Recurrence of Pneumonia in Middle-aged and Elderly Adults after Hospital-treated Pneumonia: Aetiology and Predisposing Conditions

References

• Kirtland S H, Winterbauer R H. Slowly resolving, chronic, and recurrent pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1991; 12: 303–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geppert E F. Chronic and recurrent pneumonia. Semin Resp Infect 1992; 7: 282–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roth R M, Gleckman R A. Recurrent bacterial pneumonia: a contemporary perspective. South Med J 1978; 78: 573–9
   Google Scholar
• Örtqvist Å, Hedlund J, Grillner L, Jalonen E, Leinonen M, Kalin M. Aetiology, outcome and prognostic factors in community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization. Eur Respir J 1990; 3: 1105–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedson D S, Baldwin J A. Previous hospital care as a risk factor for pneumonia. JAMA 1982; 248: 1989–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedson D S, Harward M P, Reid R A, Kaiser D L. Hospital-based pneumococcal immunization. JAMA 1990; 264: 1117–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hedlund J U, Örtqvist ÅB, Kalin M, Scalia-Tomba G, Giesecke J. Risk of pneumonia in patients previously treated in hospital for pneumonia. Lancet 1992; 340: 396–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison B DW, Farr B M, Pugh S, Selkon J B. Community-acquired pneumonia in adults in British hospitals in 1982–1983: A survey of aetiology, mortality, prognostic factors and outcome. Q J Med, New Series 1987; 62: 195–220
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Örtqvist Å, Hedlund J, Kalin M (1996) Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine for prevention of pneumonia in middle-aged and elderly persons: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter-trial. Abstract from 36th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 1996. New Orleans, LouisianaUSA, 150
   Google Scholar
• Kalin M, Lindberg A A, Tunevall G. Etiological diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia by Gram stain and quantitative culture of expectorates. Scand J Infect Dis 1983; 15: 153–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jalonen E, Paton J C, Koskela M, Kerttula Y, Leinonen M. Measurements of antibody responses to pneumolysin: a promising method for the presumptive aetiological diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 1989; 19: 127–34
   Google Scholar
• Leinonen M, Syrjälä H, Jalonen E, Kujala P, Herva E. Demonstration of pneumolysin antibodies in circulating immune complexes-a new diagnostic method for pneumococcal pneumonia. Serodiagn Immunother Infect Dis 1990; 4: 451–8
   Google Scholar
• Leinonen M, Luotonen J, Herva E, Valkonen K, Mäkelä P H. Preliminary serologic evidence for a pathogenic role of Branhamella catarrhalis. J Infect Dis 1981; 144: 570–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burman LÅ, Leinonen M, Trollfors B. Use of serology to diagnose pneumonia caused by nonencapsulated Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 220–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekman M R, Leinonen M, Syrjälä H, Linnanmäki E, Kujala P, Saikku P. Evaluation of serological methods in the etiological diagnosis of Chlamydia pneumoniae pneumonia during an epidemic in Finland. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993; 12: 756–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kauppinen M T, Herva E, Kujala P, Leinonen M, Saikku P, Syrjälä H. The etiology of community-acquired pneumonia among hospitalized patients during a Chlamydia pneumoniae epidemic in Finland. J Infect Dis 1995; 172: 1330–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayston J T, Golubjatnikov R, Hagiwara T, Hahn D L, Leinonen M, Persson K, Saikku P, Treharne J, Wang S, Yamazaki T. Serologic tests for Chlamydia pneumoniae (letter). Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993; 12: 790–1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukkonen P, Hovi T, von Bonsdorff C H, Saikku P, Pentinen K. Age-specific prevalence of complement-fixing antibodies to sixteen viral antigens: a computer analysis of 58,000 patients covering a period of eight years. J Med Virol 1984; 13: 131–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winterbauer R H, Bedon G E, Ball W C. Recurrent pneumonia: predisposing illness and clinical pattern in 158 patients. Ann Intern Med 1969; 70: 689–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox D R, Oaks D. Analysis of survival data. Chapman and Hall, London 1984
   Google Scholar
• Osler W. The Principles and Practice of Medicine (revised by McRae T) New York: Appleton and Co. 1926; 81
   Google Scholar
• Finland M, Winkler A W. Recurrences in pneumococcus pneumonia. Am J Med Sci 1934; 188: 309–21
   Google Scholar
• Warr O S, Alperin J. Lobar pneumonia. A report of 2,039 cases. Ann Intern Med 1933; 6: 1474–88
   Google Scholar
• Fang G-D, Fine M F, Orloff J, Arisumi D, Yu V, Kapoor W. New and emerging etiologies for community-acquired pneumonia with implications for therapy: a prospective multicenter study of 359 cases. Medicine 1990; 69: 307–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oseasohn R, Skipper B E, Tempest B. Pneumonia in a Navajo community-a two-year experience. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 117: 1003–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jokinen C, Heiskanen L, Juvonen H, Kallinen S, Karkola K, Korppi M. Incidence of community-acquired pneumonia in the population of four municipalities in eastern Finland. Am J Epidemiol 1993; 9: 977–88
   Google Scholar
• Woodhead M A, Macfarlane J T. Prospective study of the aetiology and outcome of pneumonia in the community. Lance i 1987; 671–4
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan R J, Dowdle W R, Marine W M, Hierholzer J C. Adult pneumonia in a general hospital. Etiology and risk factors. Ann Intern Med 1972; 129: 935–42
   Google Scholar
• Venkatesan P, Gladman J, Macfarlane J T, Barer D, Berman P, Kinnear W, Finch R G. A hospital study of community acquired pneumonia in the elderly. Thorax 1990; 45: 254–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doern G V, Miller M J, Winn R E. Branhamella (Neisseria) catarrhalis systemic disease in humans: case reports and review of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1981; 141: 1690–2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grayston J T, Wang S P, Kuo C C, Campbell L A. Current knowledge on Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain TWAR, an important cause of pneumonia and other acute respiratory diseases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989; 8: 191–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali N J, Sillis M, Andrews B E, Jenkins P F, Harrison B DW. The clinical spectrum and diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Q J Med 1986; 58: 241–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Skogberg K, Ruutu P, Kiovula I, Jousimies-Somer H, Valtonen V. Effect of immunosuppressive therapy on the clinical presentation of legionellosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 535–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmberg H. Aetiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospital treated patients. Scand J Infect Dis 1987; 19: 491–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berntsson E, Blomberg J, Lagergård T, Trollfors B. Etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in patients requiring hospitalisation. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1985; 4: 268–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marrie T J, Durant H, Yates L. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalisation: 5-year prospective study. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: 586–99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar