References
- Sarkkinen H, Tuokko H, Halonen P. Comparison of enzyme immunoassay and radioimmunoassay for detection of human rotaviruses and adenoviruses from stool specimens. J Virol Meth 1980; 1: 331–41
- Moore A C, Herwaldt B L, Craun G F, Calderon R L, High-Smith A K, Juranek D D. Surveillance for waterborne disease outbreaks—United States, 1991–1992. MMWR 1993; 42: 1–22
- Lahti K, Hiisvirta L. Causes of waterborne outbreaks in community water systems in Finland: 1980–1992. Water Sci Technol 1995; 31: 33–6
- Laemmli U. Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature 1970; 227: 680–5
- Herring A J, Inglis N F, Ojeh C K, Snodgrass D R, Menzies J D. Rapid diagnosis of rotavirus infection by direct detection of viral nucleic acid in silver-stained polyacrylamide gels. J Clin Microbiol 1982; 16: 473–7
- Jiang X, Wang M, Graham D Y, Estes M K. Expression. self-assembly, and antigenicity of the Norwalk virus capsid protein. J Virol 1992; 66: 6527–32
- Public Health Laboratory Service, London. Strength of association between human illness and water. revised definitions for use in outbreak investigations. Communicable Disease Report (CDR) Weekly 1996; 6: 65–8
- Kaplan J E, Feldman R, Cambelli D S, Lookabaugh C, Gary G W. The frequency of a Norwalk-like pattern of illness in outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis. Am J Publ Health 1982; 72: 1329–32
- Kohn M A, Farley T A, Ando T, Curtis M, Wilson S A, Jin Q. An outbreak of Norwalk virus gastroenteritis associated with eating raw oysters. Implications for maintaining safe oyster beds. JAMA 1995; 273: 466–71
- Ando T, Monroe S S, Gentsh J R, Jin Q, Lewis D C, Glass R I. Detection and differentiation of antigenically distinct small round-structured viruses (Norwalk-like viruses) by reverse transcription-PCR and southern hybridization. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 64–71
- Le Guyader F, Estes M K, Hardy M E, Neill F H, Green J. Biown DWG, Atmar RL. Evaluation of a degenerate primet for the PCR detection of human caliciviruses. Arch Virol 1996; 141: 2225–35
- Graham D Y, Jiang X, Tanaka T, Opekun A R, Madore H P, Estes M K. Norwalk virus infection of volunteers: new insights based on improved assays. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 34–43
- Jiang X, Wang J, Estes M K. Characterization of SRVs using RT-PCR and a new antigen. Arch Virol 1995; 140: 363–74
- Jiang X, Matson D O, Ruiz-Palacios G M, Hu J, Treanor J, Pickering L K. Development of an ELISA to detect MX virus a human calcivirus in the Snow Mountain agent genogroup. J Gen Virol, 76: 2739–47
- Puig M, Jofre J, Lucena F, Allard A, Wadell G, Girones R. Detection of adenoviruses and enteroviruses in polluted waters by nested PCR amplification. Appl Envir Microbiol 1994; 60: 2963–70
- Melnick J L. Developments in environmental virology. Z Gesamte Hyg 1988; 34: 499–501
- Payment P, Richardson L, Siemiatycki J, Dewar R, Edwardes M, Franco E. A randomized trial to evaluate the risk of gastrointestinal disease due to consumption of drinking water meeting current microbiological standards. Am J Public Health 1991; 81: 703–8
- Morris R. Reduction of naturally occurring enteroviruses by wastewater treatment processes. J Hyg 1984; 92: 97–103
- Payment P, Fortin S, Trudel M. Elimination of human enteric viruses during conventional waste water treatment by activated sludge. Can J Microbiol 1986; 32: 922–5
- Feachem R, Garelick H, Slade J. Enteroviruses in the environment. Trop Dis Bull 1981; 78: 185–30
- Rao V C, Metcalf T G, Melnick J L. Human viruses in sediments, sludges, and soils. Bull WHO 1986; 64: 1–13
- Hovi T, Stenvik M, Rosenlew M. Relative abundance of enterovirus serotypes in sewage differs from that in patients: clinical and epidemiological implications. Epidemiol Infect 1996; 116: 91–7
- Dahling D R, Safferman R S. Survival of enteric viruses under natural conditions in a subarctic river. Appl Envir Microbiol 1979; 38: 1103–10
- Yeager J G, O'Brien R T. Enterovirus survival in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 1979; 38: 694–701
- Statutes of Finland No. 74. The Decision of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, relating to the quality and monitoring of water intended for human consumption. Helsinki 1994