113
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Hidden high-grade vesicoureteral reflux is the main risk factor for chronic renal damage in children under the age of two years with first urinary tract infection

, , , , &
Pages 494-500 | Received 21 Apr 2009, Accepted 02 Jul 2009, Published online: 08 Dec 2009

References

  • Hoberman A, Chao H-P, Keller DM, Hickey R, Davis HW, Ellis D. Prevalence of urinary tract infection in febrile infants. J Pediatr 1993;123:17–23.
  • Ylinen E, Ala-Houhala M, Wikström S. Risk of renal scarring in vesicoureteral reflux detected either antenatally or during the neonatal period. Urology 2003;61:1238–42.
  • Van den Abbeele AD, Treves ST, Lebowitz RL, Bauer S, Davis RT, Retik A, Colodny A. Vesicoureteral reflux in asymptomatic siblings of patients with known reflux: radionuclide cystography. Pediatrics 1987;79:147–53.
  • Swerkersson S, Jodal U, Sixt R, Stokland E, Hansson S. Relationship among vesicoureteral reflux, urinary tract infection and renal damage in children. J Urol 2007;178:647–51.
  • Farnham SB, Adams MC, Brock JW III, Pope JC IV. Pediatric urological causes of hypertension. J Urol 2005;173:697–704.
  • Estrada CR, Peters CA, Retik AB, Nguyen HT. Vesicoureteral reflux and urinary tract infection in children with a history of prenatal hydronephrosis – should voiding cystourethrography be performed in cases of postnatally persistent grade II hydronephrosis?. J Urol 2009;181:801–6.
  • Parvex P, Willi JP, Kossovsky MP, Girardin E. Longitudinal analyses of renal lesions due to acute pyelonephritis in children and their impact on renal growth. J Urol 2008;180:2602–6.
  • Keren R. Imaging and treatment strategies for children after first urinary tract infection. Curr Opin Pediatr 2007;19:705–10.
  • Benador D, Benador N, Slosman D, Mermillod B, Girardin E. Are younger children at highest risk of renal sequelae after pyelonephritis?. Lancet 1997;349:17–9.
  • Temiz Y, Tarcan T, Onol FF, Alpay H, Simşek F. The efficacy of Tc99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (Tc-DMSA) scintigraphy and ultrasonography in detecting renal scars in children with primary vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). Int Urol Nephrol 2006;38:149–52.
  • Hansson S, Dhamey M, Sigström O, Sixt R, Stokland E, Wennerström M, Jodal U. Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol 2004;172:1071–3.
  • Montini G, Zucchetta P, Tomasi L, Talenti E, Rigamonti W, Picco G. Value of imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children: data from Italian renal infection study 1. Pediatrics 2009;123:e239–46.
  • Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Cecchetto M, Fedrizzi M, Fanos V. Renal involvement in children with vesicoureteral reflux: are prenatal detection and surgical approaches preventive?. Scand J Urol Nephrol 2008;42:330–6.
  • Bude RO, DiPietro MA, Platt JF, Rubin JM, Miesowicz S, Lundquist C. Age dependency of the renal resistive index in healthy children. Radiology 1992;184:469–73.
  • Brkljacić B, Kuzmić AC, Dmitrović R, Rados M, Vidjak V. Doppler sonographic renal resistance index and resistance index ratio in children and adolescents with unilateral hydronephrosis. Eur Radiol 2002;12:2747–51.
  • Goldraich NP, Ramos AL, Goldraich IH. Urography versus DMSA scan in children with vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 1989;3:1–5.
  • Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW, Baskin M, Kearney DH, Wald ER. Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med 2003;348:195–202.
  • Puddu M, Fanos V, Podda F, Zaffanello M. The kidney from prenatal to adult life: perinatal programming and reduction of number of nephrons during development. Am J Nephrol 2009;30:162–70.
  • Hewitt IK, Zucchetta P, Rigon L, Maschio F, Molinari PP, Tomasi L, Early treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children fails to reduce renal scarring: data from the Italian Renal Infection Study Trials. Pediatrics 2008;122:486–90.
  • Williams G, Fletcher JT, Alexander SI, Craig JC. Vesicoureteral reflux. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:847–62.
  • Schwab CW Jr, Wu HY, Selman H, Smith GH, Snyder HM III, Canning DA. Spontaneous resolution of vesicoureteral reflux: a 15-year perspective. J Urol 2002;168:2594–9.
  • Penido Silva JM, Oliveira EA, Diniz JS, Bouzada MC, Vergara RM, Souza BC. Clinical course of prenatally detected primary vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:86–91.
  • Cascio S, Chertin B, Colhoun E, Puri P. Renal parenchymal damage in male infants with high grade vesicoureteral reflux diagnosed after the first urinary tract infection. J Urol 2002;168:1708–10.
  • Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, Valenciano B, Campos A, Young L. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 2006;117:626–32.
  • Lin KY, Chiu NT, Chen MJ, Lai CH, Huang JJ, Wang YT, Chiou YY. Acute pyelonephritis and sequelae of renal scar in pediatric first febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 2003;18:362–5.
  • Taskinen S, Rönnholm K. Post-pyelonephritic renal scars are not associated with vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 2005;173:1345–8.
  • Polito C, Rambaldi PF, Signoriello G, Mansi L, La Manna A. Permanent renal parenchymal defects after febrile UTI are closely associated with vesicoureteric reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 2006;21:521–6.
  • Chroustova′ D, Palyzova D, Urbanova I, Kolska M. Results of a five-year study of (99m)Tc DMSA renal scintigraphy in children and adolescents following acute pyelonephritis. Nucl Med Rev Cent East Eur 2006;9:46–50.
  • Bouissou F, Munzer C, Decramer S, Roussel B, Novo R, Morin D, Prospective, randomized trial comparing short and long intravenous antibiotic treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children: dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphic evaluation at 9 months. Pediatrics 2008;121:e553–60.
  • Camacho V, Estorch M, Fraga G, Mena E, Fuertes J, Hernández MA, DMSA study performed during febrile urinary tract infection: a predictor of patient outcome?. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004;31:862–6.
  • Mohanan N, Colhoun E, Puri P. Renal parenchymal damage in intermediate and high grade infantile vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 2008;180:1635–8.
  • Goldman M, Bistritzer T, Horne T, Zoareft I, Aladjem M. The etiology of renal scars in infants with pyelonephritis and vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;14:385–8.
  • Jakobsson B, Berg U, Svensson L. Renal scarring after acute pyelonephritis. Arch Dis Child 1994;70:111–5.
  • Zaki M, Badawi M, Al Mutari G, Ramadan D, Adul Rahman M. Acute pyelonephritis and renal scarring in Kuwaiti children: a follow-up study using 99mTc DMSA renal scintigraphy. Pediatr Nephrol 2005;20:1116–9.
  • Bhatnagar V, Mitra DK, Agarwala S, Kumar R, Patel C, Malhotra AK, Gupta AK. The role of DMSA scans in evaluation of the correlation between urinary tract infection, vesicoureteric reflux, and renal scarring. Pediatr Surg Int 2002;18:128–34.
  • Orellana P, Baquedano P, Rangarajan V, Zhao JH, Eng ND, Fettich J, Relationship between acute pyelonephritis, renal scarring, and vesicoureteral reflux. Results of a coordinated research project. Pediatr Nephrol 2004;19:1122–6.
  • Doganis D, Siafas K, Mavrikou M, Issaris G, Martirosova A, Perperidis G, Does early treatment of urinary tract infection prevent renal damage?. Pediatrics 2007;120:e922–8.
  • Coulthard MG, Lambert HJ, Keir MJ. Do systemic symptoms predict the risk of kidney scarring after urinary tract infection?. Arch Dis Child 2009;94:278–81.
  • Gordon I, Barkovics M, Pindoria S, Cole TJ, Woolf AS. Primary vesicoureteric reflux as a predictor of renal damage in children hospitalized with urinary tract infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:739–44.
  • Merrick MV, Notghi A, Chalmers N, Wilkinson AG, Uttley WS. Long-term follow up to determine the prognostic value of imaging after urinary tract infections. Part 2: Scarring. Arch Dis Child 1995;72:393–6.
  • Biggi A, Dardanelli L, Cussino P, Pomero G, Noello C, Sernia O, Prognostic value of the acute DMSA scan in children with first urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 2001;16:800–4.
  • Ajdinović B, Jauković L, Krstić Z, Dopuda M. Impact of micturating cystourethrography and DMSA renal scintigraphy on the investigation scheme in children with urinary tract infection. Ann Nucl Med 2008;22:661–5.
  • Stefanidis CJ, Siomou E. Imaging strategies for vesicoureteral reflux diagnosis. Pediatr Nephrol 2007;22:937–47.
  • Zaffanello M, Brugnara M, Franchini M, Fanos V. Is serum procalcitonin able to predict long-term kidney morbidity from urinary tract infections in children? Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1358–63.
  • Bressan S, Andreola B, Zucchetta P, Montini G, Burei M, Perilongo G, Da Dalt L. Procalcitonin as a predictor of renal scarring in infants and young children. Pediatr Nephrol 2009;24:1199–204.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.