The challenge of reform: 10 years of curricula change in Italian medical schools

References

• ANVUR 2006. Agenzia Nazionale di Valutazione del Sistema Universitario e della Ricerca. Decreto-legge 3 Ottobre 2006, n. 262, established by Law no. 24, of November 2006, n. 286. Available at: http://www.Rett.Unict.It/nucleo/norme/dlgs_262_06.Pdf (full text). Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universià e della Ricerca, Repubblica Italiana. (accessed 22 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Albano M, Cavallo F, Hoogenboom R, Magni F, Majoor G, Manenti F, Schuwirth L, Steigler I, van Der Vleuten C. An international comparison of knowledge levels of medical students: The Maastricht progress test. Med Educ 1996; 30(4)239–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beccaria G, (Ed). Tre più due uguale a zero: La riforma dell'università da Berlinguer alla Moratti. Milano, Garzanti 2004
   Google Scholar
• Biggs J. Teaching for quality learning at university. Open University Press SRHE, Buckingham 1999
   Google Scholar
• Capano G. La riforma degli ordinamenti didattici: Lenti e sofferti cambiamenti, decisive resistenze, insipienza politica. L'università di fronte al cambiamento, A Cammelli. Mulino, Bologna 2005; 255–279
   Google Scholar
• Cavalli A, Rosati F. La produttività didattica e la riforma. L'università di fronte al cambiamento, RVM Moscati. Mulino, Bologna 2008; 255–279
   Google Scholar
• Chapman A. Astrological medicine. Health medicine and mortality, C Webster. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1979; 351
   Google Scholar
• Christensen L. The Bologna process and medical education. Med Teach 2004; 26(7)625–629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CIVR. 1998, Committee for Evaluation of Research. Law no. 204, June 5, 1998. Available at: http://www.civr.it/ecivr/meet_civr.asp (accessed 22 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• CNVSU 1999. National Committee for the evaluation of the university system. The National Committee established by Law no. 370 of October 1999. Available at: (accessed 22 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• CorriereUniv.it. 2008. Il Ministro Gelmini boccia l’ANVUR, 17 June 2008. (‘The Minister for Education gives a thumbs down to ANVUR’). Available online at: http://www.corriereuniv.it/2008/06/il-ministro-gelmini-boccia-lanvur/
   Google Scholar
• Cusimano M. Standard setting in medical education. Acad Med 71 1996, 10: S112–S120
   Google Scholar
• Danieli G. A manifesto for medical education in Italy. Medic 2000; 8: 200–203
   Google Scholar
• De Benedictis G. The definition of educational objectives on the basis of the problem solving process in the ‘curriculum parallelo sperimentale’ in the medical school of Bari, Italy. Ann Community Oriented Educ 1990; 3(2)223–225
   Google Scholar
• De Koonig J, Linders N, Smolders F, Willenstein S, 1999. Medical education in Europe: An anthology of med-net conference presentations (Maastricht).
   Google Scholar
• Duncan M, Alperstein M, Mayers P, Olckers L, Gibbs T. Not just another multi-professional course! Part 1. Rationale for a transformative curriculum. Med Teach 2006; 28(1)59–63
   Google Scholar
• European Commission 2007. European Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/education/lifelong-learning-policy/doc48_en.htm (accessed 13 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• European Council 1998. Recommendations of the Council on European Cooperation in Quality Assurance in Higher Education (98/561/EC of 24 September 1998) Available at: http://eurlex.europa.eu/Notice.do?val=229763:cs&lang=en&list=229763:cs,227340:cs,&pos=1&page=1&nbl=2&pgs=10&hwords (accessed 15 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• European Network for Quality Assurance. 2004. Available online at: http://www.enqa.eu/ (accessed 06 February 2009)
   Google Scholar
• European Union 1999. Bologna Declaration. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/educ/bologna/bologna.pdf (accessed 13 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• European Union 2004. European qualification framework. Dublin. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/education/policies/educ/eqf/eqf08_en.pdf (accessed 01 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Falaschi P, Brienza L, Morisani M, Relucenti M, Gaudio E, Familiari G. Vocational guidance and educational success: 6 years experience of e-learning network. AMEE Conference. Genoa, Italy, 2006, Abstracts
   Google Scholar
• Familiari G. Profilo bio-psico-sociale a Roma La Sapienza, II Facoltà. Med Chir 2000; 15: 557–561
   Google Scholar
• Familiari G. Scegliere I medici del futuro, proposta per l’aggiornamento del test di ingresso. Med Chir 2006a; 33: 1325–1327
   Google Scholar
• Familiari G, Midiri G, Falaschi P, Ziparo V. L'organizzazione didattica del corso di laurea magistrale in medicina e chirurgia, Roma La Sapienza, II Facoltà. Med Chir 2006b; 32: 1291–1293
   Google Scholar
• Familiari G, Ziparo V, Lenzi A, Heyn R, Relucenti M, Frati L. School leaving grades, admission test score and early academic performance in Italian medical schools. AMEE Conference, GenoaItaly, 2006c, Abstracts
   Google Scholar
• Familiari G, Cittadini A, Caruso G, Panella C, Salerni A, Di Donato F, Relucenti M, Heyn R, Ziparo V, Gallo P, et al. Expected and observed abilities (knowledge, skills and personal characteristics) in first-year medical students in Italy. AMEE Conference. TrondheimNorway 2007, Abstracts
   Google Scholar
• Familiari G, Midiri G, Falaschi P, Relucenti M, Heyn R, Benvenuto R, Tarsitani G, Ziparo V. Outcomes of a fully integrated scientific/clinical methodology and medical humanities course in an Italian medical undergraduate curriculum. AMEE Conference, PragueCzech Republic, 2008a, Abstracts
   Google Scholar
• Familiari G, Cittadini A, Caruso G, Panella C, Midiri G, Relucenti M, Heyn R, Baldini R, Ziparo V, Lenzi A, et al. Ammissione a medicina 2005–2008 alcune riflessioni per una discussione aperta. Med Chir 2008b; 44: 1872–1878
   Google Scholar
• Feletti G, Saunders N, Aj S. Comprehensive assessment of final-year medical student performance based on undergraduate programme objectives. Lancet 1983; 2: 34–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frati L, Gallo P, Lenzi A, De Antoni E, Maroder M, Gaudio E. L'applicazione a medicina del nuovo ordinamento didattico, punto di arrivo di un processo di rinnovamento di lunga data e punto di partenza per nuove sperimentazione didattiche. Med Chir 2006; 36: 1200–1203
   Google Scholar
• Gallo P. L'insegnamento nei corso di laurea in medicina e odontoiatria. Centro Scientifico Editore (in press) 2009
   Google Scholar
• Gaudio E. La formazione universitaria del medico: Problemi e prospettive. Atti. Acad. Lancisiana 2006; L(2)1–6
   Google Scholar
• Gaudio E, Vettore L. Il core curriculum. Med Chirurgia 2007; 40(41)1694–1697
   Google Scholar
• Giorgi P. Mondino de Liuzzi da Bologna e la nascita dell'anatomia moderna. Bononia University Press. 2004
   Google Scholar
• Gukas ID. Global paradigm shift in medical education: Issues of concern for Africa. Med Teach 2007; 29(9)887–892
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harden RM, Sowden S, Dunn W. Educational strategies in curriculum development: The spices model. Med Teach 1984; 18(4)284–297
   Google Scholar
• Harden RM. International medical education and future directions: A global perspective. Acad Med 2006; 81(12 Suppl)S22–S29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges BD, Segouin C. Medical education: It's time for a transatlantic dialogue. Med Educ 2008; 42(1)2–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jippes M, Majoor GD. Influence of national culture on the adoption of integrated and problem-based curricula in Europe. Med Educ 2008; 42(3)279–285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karle H. European specifications for global standards in medical education. Med Educ 2007; 41(10)924–925
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenzi A, Luccarini S, Danieli G. Dalla valutazione della qualità del sistema ai principi di accreditamento. Il modello di Medicina e Chirurgia: On site visit di valutazione tra pari. Med Chir 2005; 28: 1063–1067
   Google Scholar
• Lenzi A, Familiari G, Casacchia M, De Caro F, Gaudio E, Frati L. Una proposta unitaria della conferenza dei presidenti di corso di laurea magistrale in medicina e chirurgia per il Rad - dm 270/04. Med Chir 2008; 43: 1816–1936
   Google Scholar
• Lenzi A, Luccarini S, Dandi R, et al. Site Visit e accreditamento dei corsi di laurea Magistrale in Medicina. Med Chir 44 (in press) 2009
   Google Scholar
• Luzzato G. I problemi della didattica. L'università di fronte al cambiament, RVM Moscati. Mulino, Bologna 2008; 99–116
   Google Scholar
• Miller G. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/performance. Acad Med 1990; 65: 563–567
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministero Della Salute 2008. Ufficio di Direzione Statistica Attività gestionale ed economiche delle Asl e aziende ospedaliere; Available at: http://www.ministerosalute.it/servizio/sezSis.jsp?label=ssn (accessed February 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Ministero Dell'Università e della Ricerca 2004. Definizione dei requisiti dei corsi di laurea magistrale afferenti alle classi redefinite dal rad dm 270. Muir
   Google Scholar
• Moscati R. Italian university professors in transition. Higher Educ 2001; 41: 103–129
   Google Scholar
• Moscati R, Vaira M, (Eds). L'università di fronte al cambiamento. Mulino, Bologna 2008
   Google Scholar
• Neave G. Euro-philiacs, Euro-sceptics and Euro-phobics. Higher Education policy, values and institutional research. Tertiary Educ Manag 2005, (11): 113–129
   Google Scholar
• OVSU 1996. Osservatorio per la Valutazione del Sistema Universitario. (now called CNVSU under new Law: 19/10/1999, N. 370; Available at: http://www.miur.it/osservatorio (accessed 22 March 2009)
   Google Scholar
• OECD 2008OECD health data 2008. How does Italy compare? Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/45/52/38979929.pdf (accessed 01 February 2009)
   Google Scholar
• Repubblica Italiana 1999. Norme in materia di accessi ai corsi universitari (legge n.264). IN R. Legge 2 Agosto Rome, GU n. 183 del 6-8-1999
   Google Scholar
• Repubblica Italiana 2007. Disposizioni in materia di esami di stato conclusivi dei corsi di studio di istruzione secondaria superiore e delega al governo in materia di raccordo tra la scuola e le università. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 10 del 13; January 2007
   Google Scholar
• Salafsky B, Glasser M, Ha J. Addressing issues of maldistribution of health care workers. Ann Acad Med Singapore 2005; 34: 520–525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segouin C, Hodges B. Educating doctors in France and Canada: Are the differences based on evidence or history?. Med Educ 2005; 39(12)1205–1212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siraisi N. Medicine & the Italian universities. Brill, Boston 2001; 1250–1600
   Google Scholar
• Snelgrove H, Lenzi A. Il futuro è passato di qui: E-learning in medicina. Med Chir 2006; 35: 1426–1429
   Google Scholar
• Stern DT, Ben-David MF, De Champlain A, Hodges B, Wojtczak A, Schwarz MR. Ensuring global standards for medical graduates: A pilot study of international standard-setting. Med Teach 2005; 27(3)207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern DT, Wojtczak A, Schwarz MR. The assessment of global minimum essential requirements in medical education. Med Teach 2003; 25(6)589–595
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroppiani L. Storia della facoltà di medicina e chirurgia. Istituzioni ed ordinament. Edizioni dell'Ateneo-Roma 1985
   Google Scholar
• Teichler U. Mutual recognition and credit transfer in Europe: Experiences and problems. J Stud Intl Educ 2003; 7(4)312–341
   Google Scholar
• Tenore A. Il progress test, strumento di valutazione dell'insegnamento/apprendimento nella facoltà di medicina. Med Chir 2008; 44: 1879–1890
   Google Scholar
• Torsoli A, Cascino A, Familiari G, Gazzaniga P, Rinaldi C, Della Rocca C, Renda T, Serra P, Frati L. Un ipotesi di curriculum integrato pre-laurea. Medic 2000; 20: 204–210
   Google Scholar
• Torsoli A, Frati L. Breve storia del canale parallelo romano e dei suoi risultati. Medic 2002; 10: 16–22
   Google Scholar
• Vaira M. L'organizzazione universitaria alla prova della riforma. L'università di fronte al cambiamento, R Moscati, M Vaira. Mulino, Bologna 2008; 23–52
   Google Scholar
• van Der Vleuten C. A system for student assessment. Problem-based learning: Perspectives from the Maastricht experience, C van Der Vleuten, W Wijnen. Thesis Publishers, Amsterdam 1990; 27–49
   Google Scholar
• van Der Vleuten C. Assessment of clinical competence. Lancet 2001; 357: 945–949
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Der Vleuten C, Verwijnen G, Wijnen H. Fifteen years of experience with progress testing in a problem-based learning curriculum. Med Teach 1996; 18: 103–109
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Federation of Medical Education. World federation for medical education (2000). Task force on defining international standards in basic medical education. Report on the working party. Med Educ 2000; 34: 665–675
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Federation of Medical Education 2003. Basic medical education. WFME global standards for quality improvement URL: http://www.wfme.org (accessed 10 January 2009)
   Google Scholar