The retained placenta: Historical and geographical rate variations

References

• Adelusi B, Soltan MH, Chowdhury N, Kangave D. 1997. Risk of retained placenta: multivariate approach. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 76:414–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bais JMJ, Eskes M, Bonsel GJ, Bleker OP. 2004.Postpartum haemorrhage in nulliparous women: incidence and risk factors in low and high risk women. A Dutch population-based cohort study on standard (≥500 ml) and severe (≥1000 ml) postpartum haemorrhage. European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology 115:166–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chhabra S, Dhorey M. 2002. Retained placenta continues to be fatal but frequency can be reduced. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 22:630–633.
   Google Scholar
• Combs CA, Laros RK Jr. 1991. Prolonged third stage of labor: Morbidity and risk factors. Obstetrics and Gynecology 77:863–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dombrowski MP, Bottoms SF, Saleh AAA, Hurd WW, Romero R. 1995. Third stage of labor: Analysis of duration and clinical practice. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 172:1279–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Refaey H, Nooh R, O'Brien P, Abdalla M, Geary M, Walder J et al. 2000. The misoprostol third stage of labour study: a randomised controlled comparison between orally administered misoprostol and standard management. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 107:1104–1110.
   Google Scholar
• Hall MH, Halliwell R, Carr-Hill R. 1985. Concomitant and repeated happenings of complications of the third stage of labour. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 92:732–738.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammar M, Boström K, Borgvall B. 1990. Comparison between the influence of methylergometrine and oxytocin on the incidence of retained placenta in the third stage of labour. Gynaecologic and Obstetric Investigation 30:91–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison KA, 1985. Mode of delivery with notes on rupture of the gravid uterus and vesicovaginal fistula. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 92: (Suppl 5):61–71.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson KW, Allbert JR, Schemmer GK, Elliot M, Humphrey A, Taylor RN. 2001. A randomised controlled trial comparing oxytocin administration before and after placental delivery in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 185:873–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khong TY. 1998. Pregnancies complicated by retained placenta: Sex ratio and relation to pre-eclampsia. Placenta 19:577–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magann EF, Evans E, Hutchinson M, Collins R, Howard BC, Morrison JC. 2005a. Postpartum haemorrhage after vaginal birth: An analysis of risk factors. Southern Medical Journal 98:419–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magann EF, Evans S, Chauhan SP, Lanneau G, Frisk AD, Morrison C. 2005b. The length of the third stage of labor and the risk of postpartum haemorrhage. Obstetrics and Gynecology 105:290–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng P, Chan AS, Sin WK, Tang LC, Cheung KB, Yuen PM. 2001. A multicentre randomised controlled trial of oral misoprostol and i.m. syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. Human Reproduction 16:31–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onwudiegwu U, Makinde ON. 1999. Retained placenta – a cause of reproductive morbidity in Nigeria. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 19:355–359.
   Google Scholar
• Onwuhafua PI. 2006. Childbirth in Germany and Nigeria compared. Nigerian Journal of Medicine 15:387–392.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panpaprai P, Boriboonhirunsarn D. 2007. Risk factors of retained placenta in Siriraj Hospital. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand 90:1293–1297.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prendiville WJ, Elbourne D, McDonald S. 2002. Active versus expectant management in the third stage of labour. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 3:1–37.
   Google Scholar
• Soltan MH, Khashoggi T. 1997. Retained placenta and associated risk factors. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 17:245–247.
   Google Scholar
• Stroup DS, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D et al. 2000. Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology. Journal of the American Medical Association 283:2008–2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tandberg A, Albrechtsen S, Iversen OE. 1999. Manual removal of the placenta – incidence and clinical significance. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica 78:33–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Titiz H, Wallace A, Voaklandes DC. 2001. Manual removal of the placenta – a case control study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 41:41–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsu VD, Mai TTP, Nguyen YH, Luu HTT. 2006. Reducing postpartum haemorrhage in Vietnam: Assessing the effectiveness of active management of third stage of labor. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research 32:489–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations. 2004. World Fertility Report 2003. New York; United Nations Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Weeks AD, Alia G, Vernon G, Namayanja A, Gosakan R, Majeed T et al. 2010. Umbilical vein oxytocin for the treatment of retained placenta (release study): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 375(9709):141–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, The World Bank. 2007. Maternal Mortality in 2005: estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, and the World Bank. Geneva; World Health Organization Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou W, Gao E, Che Y, Olsen J. 1999. Induced abortion and duration of third stage labour in a subsequent pregnancy. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 19:349–354.
   Google Scholar