1,090
Views
108
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Genetic toxicology of thallium: a review

&
Pages 369-383 | Accepted 20 Jun 2012, Published online: 12 Sep 2012

References

  • American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). (2010). Thallium and compounds: TLV chemical substances. In: Threshold limit value and biological exposure indices. ACGIH.
  • Achenbach, C., Hauswirth, O., Heindrichs, C., Ziskoven, R., Köhler, F., Bahr, U., et al. (1980). Quantitative measurement of time-dependent thallium distribution in organs of mice by field desorption mass spectrometry. J Toxicol Environ Health 6:519–528.
  • Al-Mashhadani, Z., Al-Fatlawy, A., Abu-Nawas, K., Al-Nsour, M., Hijawi, B., Belbeisi, A., et al. (2008). Thallium poisoning from eating contaminated cake-Iraq. MMWR 57:1015–1018.
  • Al Hammouri, F., Darwazeh, G., Said, A., Ghosh, R. A. (2011). Acute thallium poisoning: series of ten cases. J Med Toxicol 7:306–311.
  • Aoyama, H., Yoshida, M., Yamamura, Y. (1986). Acute poisoning by intentional ingestion of thallous malonate. Hum Toxicol 5:389–392.
  • Apostoli, P. (2002). Elements in environmental and occupational medicine. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 778:63–97.
  • Appenroth, D., Winnefeld, K. (1998). Vitamin E and C in the prevention of metal nephrotoxicity in developing rats. Exp Toxicol Pathol 50:391–396.
  • Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (1992). Toxicological profile for thallium. Atlanta, Georgia, USA: Public health service, US. Department of Health and Human Services.
  • Babić, M., Radić, S., Cvjetko, P., Roje, V., Pevalek-Kozlina, B., Pavlica, M. (2009). Antioxidative response of Lemna minor plants exposed to thallium(I)-acetate. Aquatic Botany 91:166–172.
  • Bachand, M., Seifert, A. M., Messing, K. (1991). Nuclear medicine patients do not have higher mutant frequencies after exposure to thallium-201. Mutat Res 262:1–6.
  • Barrera, H., Gómez-Puyou, A. (1975). Characteristics of the movement of K+ across the mitochondrial membrane and the inhibitory action of Tl+. J Biol Chem 250:5370–5374.
  • Bertin, G., Averbeck, D. (2006). Cadmium: cellular effects, modifications of biomolecules, modulation of DNA repair, and genotoxic consequences. [Review]. Biochimie 88:1549–1559.
  • Bragadin, M., Toninello, A., Bindoli, A., Rigobello, M. P., Canton, M. (2003). Thallium induces apoptosis in Jurkat cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1010:283–291.
  • Brismar, T. (1998). Thallium transport in cellular membranes. In: Nriagu, J. O. (Ed.), Thallium in the environment (pp. 241–262). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Britten, J. S., Blank, M. (1968). Thallium activation of the (Na+-K+)-activated ATPase of rabbit kidney. Biochim Biophys Acta 159:160–166.
  • Brockhaus, A., Dolgner, R., Ewers, U., Kraimer, U., Soddemann, H., Wiegand, H. (1981). Intake and health effects of thallium among a population living in the vicinity of a cement plant emitting thallium containing dust. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 48:375–389.
  • Budavari, S., O’Neil, M. J., Smith, A., Heckelman, P. E., Kinneary, J. F. (1996). The Merck Index. An encyclopedia of chemicals, drugs and biologicals. Whitehouse Station, New Jersey, USA: Merck.
  • Chamberlain, P. H., Stavinoha, W. B., Davis, H., Kniker, W. T., Panos, T. C. (1958). Thallium poisoning. Pediatrics 22:1170–1182.
  • Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME). (1999). Canadian water quality guidelines for the protection of aquatic life: thallium. In: Canadian environmental quality guidelines. Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada: CCME.
  • Cheng-Hang, L., Tser-Sheng, L. (2005). Acute toxicity of trivalent thallium compounds to Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 61:432–435.
  • Chia, C. F., Chen, S. C., Chen, C. S., Shih, C. M., Lee, H. M., Wu, C. H. (2005). Thallium acetate induces C6 glioma cell apoptosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1042:523–530.
  • Cicek, E., Yildiz, M., Delibas, N., Bahçeli, S. (2009). The effects of 201Tl myocardial perfusion scintigraphy studies on oxidative damage in patients. West Indian Med J 58:50–53.
  • Ciszewski, A., Wasiak, W., Ciszewska, W. (1997). Hair analysis. Part 2. Differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric determination of thallium in human hair samples of persons in permanent contact with lead in their workplace. Anal Chim Acta 343:225–229.
  • Crookes, W. (1974). Researches on the atomic weigh of thallium. Chem News 20:85–86.
  • Cvjetko, P., Cvjetko, I., Pavlica, M. (2010). Thallium toxicity in humans. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 61:111–119.
  • Das, A. K., Chakraborty, R., Cervera, M. L., de la Guardia, M. (2006). Determination of thallium in biological samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 385:665–670.
  • DelValls, T. A., Sáenz, V., Arias, A. M., Blasco, J. (1999). Thallium in the marine environment: first ecotoxicological assessments in the Guadalquivir estuary and its potential adverse effect on the Doña European natural reserve after the Aznalcóllar mining spill (sw Spain). Ciencias Marinas 25:161–175.
  • Dolgner, R., Brockhaus, A., Ewers, U., Wiegand, H., Majewski, F., Soddemann, H. (1983). Repeated surveillance of exposure to thallium in a population living in the vincinity of a cement plant emitting dust containing thallium. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 52:79–94.
  • Dougherty, J. P., Costello, J. A., Michel, R. G. (1988). Determination of thallium in bovine liver and mouse brains by laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry in a graphite tube furnace. Anal Chem 60:336–340.
  • Douglas, K. T., Bunni, M. A., Baindur, S. R. (1990). Thallium in biochemistry. Int J Biochem 22:429–438.
  • Eskandaria, M. R., Pourahmada, J., Daraeia, B. (2011). Thallium(I) and thallium(III) induce apoptosis in isolated rat hepatocytes by alterations in mitochondrial function and generation of ROS. Toxicol Environ Chem 93:145–156.
  • Fergusson, J. E. (1990). The heavy elements: chemistry, environmental impact and health effects. Oxford, UK: Pergamon.
  • Fischer, A. B., Eikmann, T. (2002). Vorkommen und toxikologie von thallium [Occurrence and toxicology of thallium] Umweltmed Forsch Prax 7:321–327.
  • Florea, A. M., Büsselberg, D. (2005). Ocurrence, use and potential toxic effects of metals and metal compounds. Biometals 19:419–427.
  • Frattini, P. (2005). Thallium properties and behavior: a literature study. Geological Survey of Finland (Geologian Tutkimuskesus, GTK). Available at: http://arkisto.gtk.fi/s41/S41_0000_2005_2.pdf. Accessed November 11, 2011.
  • Galanis, A., Karapetsas, A., Sandaltzopoulos, R. (2009). Metal-induced carcinogenesis, oxidative stress, and hypoxia signaling. Mutat Res 674:31–35.
  • Galván-Arzate, S., Martínez, A., Medina, E., Santamaría, A., Ríos, C. (2000). Subchronic administration of sublethal doses of thallium to rats: effects on distribution and lipid peroxidation in brain regions. Toxicol Lett 116:37–43.
  • Galván-Arzate, S., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Medina-Campos, O. N., Maldonado, P. D., Vázquez-Román, B., Ríos, C., et al. (2005). Delayed effects of thallium in the rat brain: regional changes in lipid peroxidation and behavioral markers, but moderate alterations in antioxidants, after a single administration. Food Chem Toxicol 43:1037–1045.
  • Galván-Arzate, S., Rios, C. (1994). Thallium distribution in organs and brain regions of developing rats. Toxicology 90:63–69.
  • Galván-Arzate, S., Santamaría, A. (1998). Thallium toxicity. Toxicol Lett 99:1–13.
  • Garrett, N. E., Lewtas, J. (1983). Cellular toxicity in Chinese hamster ovary cell cultures. I. Analysis of cytotoxicity endpoints for twenty-nine priority pollutants. Environ Res 32:455–465.
  • Gil-Hernández F. (2005). Tratado de medicina del trabajo. Barcelona, Spain: Elsevier-Masson.
  • Griepink, B., Sanger, M., Tölg, G. (1998). Determination of traces of thallium in various matrices. Pure App Chem 60:1425–1436.
  • Hamilton, E., Sabbioni, E., Van der Venne, M. T. (1994). Element references values in tissues from inhabitants of the European community VI: review of elements in blood, plasma and urine and a critical evaluation of reference values for the United Kingdom population. Sci Total Environ 158:165–190.
  • Hantson, P., Desoir, R., Léonard, E. D., Crutzen-Faty, M. C. (1997). Cytogenetic observations following thallium poisoning. J Toxicol Environ Health 50:97–100.
  • Hanzel, C. E., Verstraeten, S. V. (2009). Tl(I) and Tl(III) activate both mitochondrial and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 236:59–70.
  • Hanzel, C. E., Villaverde, M. S., Verstraeten, S. V. (2005). Glutathione metabolism is impaired in vitro by thallium(III) hydroxide. Toxicology 207:501–510.
  • Harris, W. R., Messori, L. (2002). A comparative study of aluminum(III), gallium(III), indium(III), and thallium(III) binding to human serum transferring. Coord Chem Rev 228:237–262.
  • Hartwig, A., Asmuss, M., Ehleben, I., Herzer, U., Kostelac, D., Pelzer, A., et al. (2002). Interference by toxic metal ions with DNA repair processes and cell cycle control: molecular mechanisms. Environ Health Perspect 110:797–799.
  • Hassler, C. S., Chafin, R. D., Klinger, M. B., Twiss, M. R. (2007). Application of the biotic ligand model to explain potassium interaction with thallium uptake and toxicity to plankton. Environ Toxicol Chem 26:1139–1145.
  • Hijnena, N. M., de Vriesa, A., Blangeb, R., Burdinskic, D., Grülla, H. (2011). Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of 201Tl(III)–DOTA complexes for applications in SPECT imaging. Nucl Med Biol 38:585–592.
  • Hirata, M., Taoda, K., Ono-Ogasawara, M., Takaya, M., Hisanaga, N. (1998). A probable case of chronic occupational thallium poisoning in a glass factory. Ind Health 36:3000–3003.
  • Hoffman, R. S. (2000). Thallium poisoning during pregnancy: a case report and comprehensive literature review. Clin Toxicol 38:767–775.
  • Hultin, T., Näslund, P. H. (1978). Effects of thallium(I) on the structure and functions of mammalian ribosomes. Chem Biol Interact 8:315–328.
  • Insley, B. M., Grufferman, S., Ayliffe, H. E. (1986). Thallium poisoning in cocaine abusers. Am J Emerg Med 4:545–548.
  • International Programme on Chemical Safety (IFCS). (1996). Thallium. Environmental health criteria. Vol. 182. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Jha, S., Kumar, R., Kumar, R. (2006). Thallium poisoning presenting as paresthesias, paresis, psychosis, and pain in abdomen. J Assoc Phys India 54:53–55.
  • Jørgensen, C., Buchardt, B. H., Fawell, J., Hydes, O. (2008). Preliminary draft final report on establishment of a list of chemical parameters for the revision of the drinking water directive. ENV.D.2/ETU/2007/0077r.
  • Kada, T., Hirano, K., Shirasu, Y. (1980). Screening of environmental chemical mutagens by the Rec-assay system with Bacillus subtilis. In: deSerres, F. J., Hollaender, A. (Eds.), Chemical mutagens: principles and methods for their detection (pp. 149–173). New York: Plenum.
  • Kales, S. N., Christiani, C. D. (2005). Hair and metal toxicity. In: Tobin, D. J. (Ed.), Hair in toxicology: an important bio-monitor (pp. 125–158). London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Kamerbeek, H. H., Rauws, A.G., ten Ham, M., van Heijst, A. N. (1971). Dangerous redistribution of thallium by treatment with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Acta Med Scand 189:149–154.
  • Kanematsu, N., Hara, M., Kada, T. (1980). REC assay and mutagenicity studies on metal compounds. Mutat Res 77:109–116.
  • Kasprzak, K. S., Sunderman, F. W., Salnikowa, K. (2003). Nickel carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 533:67–97.
  • Kayne, F. J. (1971). Thallium (I) activation of pyruvate kinase. Arch Biochem Biophys 143:232–239.
  • Kazantzis, G. (1986). Thallium. In: Friberg, L., Nordberg, G. F., Vouk, V. (Eds.), Handbook on the toxicology of metals (pp. 549–567). New York: Elsevier Science.
  • Kazantzis, G. (2000). Thallium in the environment and health effects. Environ Geochem Health 22:275–280.
  • Kazantzis, G. (2007). Thallium. In: Nordberg, G. F., Fowler, B. A., Nordberg, M., Friberg, L. (Eds.), Handbook on the toxicology of metals (pp. 827–837). New York: Elsevier.
  • Kelsey, K. T., Donohoe, K. J., Baxter, B., Memisoglu, A., Little, J. B., Caggana, M., et al. (1991). Genotoxic and mutagenic effects of the diagnostic use of thallium-201 in nuclear medicine. Mutat Res 260:239–246.
  • Kiliç, G. A., Kutlu, M. (2010). Effects of exogenous metallothionein against thallium-induced oxidative stress in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 48:980–987.
  • Lan, C.-H., Lin, T.-S. (2005). Acute toxicity of trivalent thallium compounds to Daphnia magna. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 61:432–435.
  • Lawrence, D. T., Kirk, M. A. (2007). Chemical terrorism attacks: update on antidotes. Emerg Med Clin. North Am 25:567–595.
  • Lench, T., Sadlik, K. (2007). Thallium intoxication in humans. Toxicol Lett 172S:S85.
  • Léonard, A., Gerber, G. B. (1997). Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity of thallium compounds. Mutat Res 387:47–53.
  • Lewis, D. R., Lloyd, W. A. (1933). Treatment of ringworm of the scalp with thallium acetate. Br Med J 15:99–100.
  • Lu, C. I., Huang, C. C., Chang, Y. C., Tsai, Y. T., Kuo, H. C., Chuang, Y. H., et al. (2007). Short-term thallium intoxication: dermatological findings correlated with thallium concentration. Arch Dermatol 143:93–98.
  • Małuszyński, M. J. (2009). Thallium in environment. Institute of Environment Protection, Poland. Environ Protect Nat Resources 40:31–38.
  • Manzo, L., Costa, L. G., Tonini, M., Minoia, C., Sabbioni, E. (1992). Metabolic studies as a basis for the interpretation of metal toxicity. Toxicol Lett 64–65:677–686.
  • Martí, J. A., Desoille, H. (1993). Medicina del trabajo [Occupational medicine]. Barcelona: Elsevier Masson.
  • Martínez-Riera, N., Sant-Yacumo, R., Feldman, G., Riera de Martínez, N. V. (2003). Registry of patients with thallic intoxication in Tucumán after its prohibition as rodenticide in Argentina. Rev Toxicol Available at: http://www.sertox.com.ar/retel/n13/001.pdf. Accessed on November 11, 2011.
  • Maycock, D., Fawell, J., Merrington, G., Watts, C. (2008). Review of England and Wales monitoring data for which a national or international standard has been set. Defra Project Code: CEER 0703 DWI 70/2/215 WT1207.
  • Melnick, R. L., Monti, L. G., Motzkin, S. M. (1976). Uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by thallium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 69:68–73.
  • Mercurio, M., Hoffman, R. S. (2006). Thallium. In: Flomenbaum, N. E., Goldfrank, L. R., Hoffman, R. S., Howland, M. A., Lewin, N. A., Nelson, L. S. (Eds.), Goldfrank’s toxicologic emergencies, 8th ed. (pp. 1364–1372) New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Migliore, L., Cocchi, L., Nesti, C., Sabbioni, E. (1999). Micronuclei assay and FISH analysis in human lymphocytes treated with six metal salts. Environ Mol Mutagen 34:279–284.
  • Montes, S., Pérez-Barrón, G., Rubio-Osornio, M., Ríos, C., Diaz-Ruíz, A., Altagracia-Martínez, M., et al. (2011). Additive effect of DL-penicillamine plus Prussian blue for the antidotal treatment of thallotoxicosis in rats. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 32:349–355.
  • Montoya-Cabrera, M. A., López, M. G., García, R. M. (1983). Intoxicación por talio [Thallium intoxication]. Rev Méd IMSS (México) 23:65–70.
  • Montoya-Cabrera, M. A., Saucedo-García, J. M., Escalante-Galindo, P., López-Morales, E. (1991). Intoxicación por talio que simuló lupus eritematoso sistémico en un niño. Gaceta Méd (México) 127:333–336.
  • Morton, H. E., Lecce, J. G. (1953). Selective action of thallium acetate and crystal violet for pleuropneumonialike organisms of human origin. J Bacteriol 66:646–649.
  • Mulkey, J. P., Oehme, F. W. (1993). A review of thallium toxicity. Vet Human Toxicol 35:445–454.
  • Nava-Ruíz, C., Méndez-Armenta, M. (2011). Neurotoxic effects of heavy metals cadmium, lead arsenic, and thallium (Efectos neurotóxicos de metales pesados cadmio, plomo, arsénico y talio). Arch Neurocien (México) 16:140–147.
  • Nikiforov, A., Slozina, N., Neronova, E., Kharchenko, T., Sosukin, A., Scherbak, S., et al. (1999). Cytogenetic investigation of thallium-poisoned people: pilot study. J Toxicol Environ Health Part A 58:465–468.
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). (2005). Thallium (soluble compounds, as Tl). Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
  • Nriagu, J. O., Pacyna, J. M. (1988). Quantitative assessment of worldwide contamination of air, water, and soils by trace metals. Nature 333:134–139.
  • Nriagu, J. O. (Ed.). (1998). Tallium in the environment. Vol 29. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Oehme, F. W. (Ed.). (1978). Mechanisms of heavy metal inorganic toxicities In: Toxicity of heavy metals in the environment (pp. 69–85). New York: Marcel Dekker.
  • Oehme, Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS). (2001). Manual de evaluación y manejo de sustancias tóxicas en aguas superficiales [Manual of evaluation and managing of toxic substances in superficial waters]. OPS/CEPIS/PUB/01.65.
  • Ortiz-Varón, J., Sandoval-Gil, Y., Sánchez-Otero, F. (2008). Brote de intoxicación aguda por talio en el municipio de Puerto Asís, departamento del Putumayo [Outbreak of acute poisoning by thallium in the municipality of Puerto Asis, department of the Putumayo]. ISSN: 0122 -9907 Inf Quinc Epidemiol Nac (Bogotá) 13:335–350.
  • Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). (2005). Thallium, soluble compounds (as Tl). Washington, DC: United State Department of Labor, Occupational Safety, and Health Administration.
  • Pacyna, J. M., Pacyna, E. G. (2001). An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide. Environ Rev 9:269–298.
  • Pappas, R. S., Polzin, G. M., Zhang, L., Watson, C. H., Paschal, D. C., Ashley, D. L. (2006). Cadmium, lead, and thallium in mainstream tobacco smoke particulate. Food Chem Toxicol 44:714–723.
  • Pau, P. W. I. (2000). Management of thallium poisoning. HKMJ 6:316–318.
  • Pelclová, D., Urban, P., Ridzon, P., Senholdová, Z., Lukás, E., Diblík, P., et al. (2009). Two-year follow-up of two patients after severe thallium intoxication. Hum Exp Toxicol 28:263–272.
  • Peter, A. L., Viraraghavan, T. (2005). Thallium: a review of public health and environmental concerns. Environ Int 31:493–501.
  • Piola, J. C., Prada, D. B., (1999). Influencia de medidas regulatorias en la morbilidad y mortalidad por talio y parathion en Rosario, Argentina [Influence of regulatory measures in the morbidity and mortality from thallium and parathion in Rosario, Argentina]. Acta Toxicol Argent 7:4.
  • Pohanish, R. P. (2011). Sittig’s handbook of toxic and hazardous chemicals and carcinogens, 6th ed. (pp. 2547–2552) Norwich, New York, USA: William Andrew.
  • Ponsoda, X., Jover, R., Núñez, C., Royo, M., Castell, J. V., Gómez-Lechón, M. J. (1995). Evaluation of the cytotoxicity of 10 chemicals in human and rat hepatocytes and in cell lines: correlation between in vitro data and human lethal concentration. Toxicol In Vitro 9:959–966.
  • Puga, M. L. C., Verstraeten, S. V. (2008). Thallium(III)-mediated changes in membrane physical properties and lipid oxidation affect cardiolipin–cytochrome c interactions. Biochim Biophys Acta 1778:2157–2164.
  • Queirolo, F., Stegen, S., Contreras-Ortega, C., Ostapczuk, P., Queirolo, A., Paredes, B. (2009). Thallium levels and bioaccumulation in environmental samples of northern Chile: human health risks. J Chil Chem Soc 54:464–469.
  • Radić, S., Cvjetko, P., Glavaš, K., Roje, V., Pevalek-Kozlina, B., Pavlica, M. (2009). Oxidative stress and DNA damage in broad bean (Vicia faba L.) seedlings induced by thallium. Environ Toxicol Chem 28:189–196.
  • Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS). (1994). Toxicity Summary for thallium. Available at: http://rais.ornl.gov/tox/profiles/thallium_f_V1.html. Accessed on November 18, 2011.
  • Ralph, L., Twiss, M. R. (2002). Comparative toxicity of thallium(I), thallium(III), and cadmium(II) to the unicellular alga Chlorella isolated from Lake Erie. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 68:261–268.
  • Rangel-Guerra, R., Martínez, H. R., Villareal, H. J. (1980). Intoxicación por talio: experiencia con 50 pacientes [Thallium intoxication. Experience with 50 patients]. Gaceta Méd México 126:487–495.
  • Rao, C. R., Ruiz-Chancho, M. J., Sahuquillo, A., López-Sánchez, J. F. (2008). Assessment of extractants for the determination of thallium in an accidentally polluted soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 81:334–338.
  • Repetto, G., del Peso, A. (2001). Gallium, indium, and thallium. In: Bingham, E., Cohrssen, B., Powell, C. H. (Eds.), Patty’s toxicology, 5th ed. (vol. 2, pp. 417–565). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Repetto, G., Sanza, P., Repetto, M. (1994). In vitro effects of thallium on mouse neuroblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 8:609–611.
  • Richelmi, P., Bono, F., Guardia, L., Ferrini, B., Manzo, L. (1980). Salivary levels of thallium in acute human poisoning. Arch Toxicol 43:321–325.
  • Ríos, C., Galván-Arzate, S., Tapia, R. (1989). Brain regional thallium distribution in rats acutely intoxicated with Tl2SO4. Arch Toxicol 63:34–37.
  • Rocha, J. B., Tuerlinckx, S. M., Schetinger, M. R., Folmer, V. (2004). Effect of group 13 metals on porphobilinogen synthase in vitro. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 200:169–176.
  • Rojas, E., Herrera, L. A., Poirier, L. A., Ostrosky-Wegman, P. (1999). Are metals dietary carcinogens? Mutat Res 443:157–181.
  • Romero, R. E., Halabe, C. J., Wache, R. N., Quiñonez, G. A., Laredo, S. F., Lifshitz, G. A. (1988). Crisis hipertensiva como manifestación de la intoxicación oculta por talio [Hypertensive crisis as a manifestation of hidden intoxication due to Thallium] Rev Méd IMSS (México) 26:137–140.
  • Rose, M., Baxter, M., Brereton, N., Baskaran, C. (2010). Dietary exposure to metals and other elements in the 2006 UK Total Diet Study and some trends over the last 30 years. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 27:1380–1404.
  • Rovira, J., Mari, M., Nadal, M., Schuhmacher, M., Domingo, J. L. (2011). Use of sewage sludge as secondary fuel in a cement plant: human health risks. Environ Int 37:105–111.
  • Rusyniak, D. E., Furbee, R. B., Kirk, M. A. (2002). Thallium and arsenic poisoning in a small midwestern town. Ann Emerg Med 39:307–311.
  • Sabbioni, E., Minoia, C., Ronchi, A., Hansen, B. G., Pietra, R., Balducci, C. (1994). Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Union. VIII. Thallium in the Italian population. Sci Total Environ 158:227–236.
  • Sager, M. (1998). Thallium in agricultural practice. In: Nriagu, J. O. (Ed.), Thallium in the 3nvironment (pp. 59–87). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Saha, A., Sadhu, H. G., Karnik, A. B., Patel, T. S., Sinha, S. N., Saiyed, H. N. (2004). Erosion of nails following thallium poisoning: a case report. Occup Environ Med 61:640–642.
  • Schaller, K. H., Manke, G., Raithel, H. J., Biihlmeyer, G., Schmidt, M., Valentin, H. (1980). Investigations of thallium-exposed workers in cement factories. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 47:223–231.
  • Schedlbauer, O. F., Heumann, K. G. (1999). Development of an isotope dilution mass spectrometric method for dimethylthallium speciation and first evidence of its existence in the ocean. Anal Chem 71:5459–5464.
  • Sharma, A., Talukder, G. (1987). Effects of metals on chromosomes of higher organisms. Environm Mutagen 9:191–226.
  • Sharma, J., Sharma, R. L., Singh, H. B. (1986). Hazards and analysis of thallium—a review. Toxicol Environ Chem 11:93–116.
  • Sharquie, K. E., Ibrahim, G. A., Noaimi, A. A., Hamudy, H. K. (2011). Outbreak of thallium poisoning among Iraqi patients. JSSDDS 15:29–32.
  • Sherlock, J. C., Smart, GA. (1986). Thallium in foods and the diet. Food Addit Contam 3:363–370.
  • Singh, I. (1983). Induction of reverse mutation and mitotic gene conversion by some metal compounds in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutat Res 117:149–152.
  • Soria, M. L., Repetto, G., Repetto, M. (2005). General review of the toxicology of metals. In: Repetto, M. (Ed.), Advanced toxicology (pp. 206–358). Madrid: Spain: Díaz de Santos.
  • Spencer, P. S., Peterson, E. R., Madrid, A. R., Raine, C. S. (1973). Effects of thallium salts on neuronal mitochondria in organotypic cord-ganglia-muscle combination cultures. J Cell Biol 58:79–95.
  • Stokinger H. E. (1987). Thallium. In: Clayton, G. D., Clayton, F. E. (Eds.), Patty’s industrial hygiene and toxicology (pp. 1914–1931). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Tan, E.-L., Williams, M. W, Schenleya, R. L., Perduea, S. W., Hayden, T. L., Turnerb, J. E., et al. (1984). The toxicity of sixteen metallic compounds in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 74:330–336.
  • Tao, Z., Gameiro, A., Grewer, C. (2008). Thallium ions can replace both sodium and potassium ions in the glutamate transporter excitatory amino acid carrier 1. Biochemistry 47:12923–12930.
  • Tremel, A., Masson, P., Garraud, H., Donard, O. F. X., Baize, D., Mench, M. (1997). Thallium in French agrosystems: II. Concentration of thallium in field-grown rape and some other plant species. Environ Pollut 97:161–168.
  • Tyagi, R., Rana, P., Khan, A. R., Bhatnagar, D., Devi, M. M., Chaturvedi, S., et al. (2011). Study of acute biochemical effects of thallium toxicity in mouse urine by NMR spectroscopy. J Appl Toxicol 31:663–670.
  • U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (U.S. ACHPPM). (2007). Wildlife toxicity assessment for thallium. Proyect 39-EJ1138-010.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011a). Basic information about thallium in drinking water. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/thallium.cfm#four. Last updated September 30, 2011. Accessed on November 3, 2011.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011b). Basic information about mercury (inorganic) in drinking water. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/mercury.cfm. Last updated September 30, 2011. Accessed on November 3, 2011.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011c). Basic information about antimony in drinking water. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/antimony.cfm. Last updated September 30, 2011. Accessed on November 3, 2011.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011d). Basic information about arsenic in drinking water. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/arsenic.cfm. Last updated September 29, 2011. Accessed on November 3, 2011
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011e). Basic information about beryllium in drinking water. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/beryllium.cfm. Last updated September 29, 2011. Accessed on November 4, 2011
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011f). Basic information about cadmium in drinking water. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/cadmium.cfm. Last updated September 30, 2011. Accessed on November 3, 2011.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2011g). Basic information about lead in drinking water. Available at: http://water.epa.gov/drink/contaminants/basicinformation/lead.cfm. Last updated September 29, 2011. Accessed on November 4, 2011.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). (2009). Toxicological review of thallium and compounds. In Support of Summary Information on the Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). Washington, DC. Available at: http://www.epa.gov/ncea/iris/toxreviews/1012tr.pdf. Accessed on April 11, 2011.
  • U.S. Geological Survey (U.S. GS). (2010). Thallium statistics and information. Available at: http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/thallium/. Accessed on October 25, 2011.
  • Verstraeten, S. V. (2006). Relationship between thallium(I)-mediated plasma membrane fluidification and cell oxidants production in Jurkat T cells. Toxicology 222:95–102.
  • Villaverde, S. A., Hanzel, E. C., Verstraeten, S. V. (2004). In vitro interactions of thallium with components of the glutathione-dependent antioxidant defence system. Free Radic Res 38:977–984.
  • Villeret, V., Huang, S., Fromm, H. J., Lipscomb, W. N. (1995). Crystallographic evidence for the action of potassium, thallium, and lithium ions on fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:8916–8920.
  • Wedepohl, K. H. (1995). The composition of the continental crust. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 59:1217–1232.
  • White, M. A., Sabbioni, E. (1998). Trace element reference values in tissues from inhabitants of the European Union. X. A study of 13 elements in blood and urine of a United Kingdom population. Sci Total Environ 216:253–270.
  • Wilkinson, K., Ellis, R., Faint, S., Hetherington, J., Skull, A. (1999). Dictionary of substances and their effects (pp. 161–173). Gangolli, S. D. (Ed.). London: Royal Society of Chemistry.
  • Xiao, T., Guha, J., Liu, C. Q., Zheng, B., Wilson, G., Ning, Z., et al. (2007). Potential health risk in areas of high natural concentrations of thallium and importance of urine screening. Appl Geochem 22:919–929.
  • Xiao, T., Yang, F., Li, S., Zheng, B., Ning, Z. (2012). Thallium pollution in China: a geo-environmental perspective. Sci Total Environ. 421–422:51–58.
  • Yamamoto, A., Honma, R., Sumita, M. (1998). Cytotoxicity evaluation of 43 metal salts using murine fibroblasts and osteoblastic cells. J Biomed Mater Res 39:331–340.
  • Yildirim, M., Ikbal, M., Tos, T., Seven, B., Pirim, I., Varoglu, E. (2005). Genotoxicity of thallium-201 in patients with angina pectoris undergoing myocardial perfusion study. Tohoku J Exp Med 206:299–304.
  • Zasukhina, G. D., Vasilyeva, I. M., Sdirkova, N. I., Krasovsky, G. N., Vasyukovich, L. Y., Kenesariev, U. I., et al. (1983). Mutagenic effect of thallium and mercury salts on rodent cells with different repair activities. Mutat Res 124:163–173.
  • Zhao, G., Ding, M., Zhang, B., Lv, W., Yin, H., Zhang, L., et al. (2008). Clinical manifestations and management of acute thallium poisoning. Eur Neurol 60:292–297.
  • Ziskoven, R., Achenbach, C., Schulten, H. R., Roll, R. (1983). Thallium determinations in fetal tissues and maternal brain and kidney. Toxicol Lett 19:225–231.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.