REFERENCES
- Ross R: Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:115–126.
- Nieman DC, Henson DA, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL, Ekkens M, Utter AC, Butterworth DE, Fagoaga OR: Influence of obesity on immune function. J Am Diet Assoc. 1999;99:294–299.
- Fantuzzi G, Faggioni R: Leptin in the regulation of immunity, inflammation, and hematopoiesis. J Leukoc Biol. 2000;68:437–446.
- Johnston RA, Schwartzmun IN, Shore SA: Macrophage inflammatory protein-2 levels are associated with changes in serum leptin concentration following wore-induced airway inflammation. Chest. 2003;123(3 Suppl):369S–370S.
- Cipollone F, Mezzetti A, Porreca E, Di Febbo C, Fazia M, Falco A, Cuccurullo F, Davi G: Association between enhanced soluble CD40L and prothrombotic state in hypercholesterolemia: effects of statin therapy. Circulation. 2002;106:399–402.
- Yehualaeshet T, O’Connor R, Begleiter A, Murphy-Ullrich JE, Silverstein R, Khalil N: A CD36 synthetic peptide inhibits bleomycin-induced pulmonary inflammation and connective tissue synthesis in the rat. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2000;23:204–212.
- Adawi A, Zhang Y, Baggs R, Rubin P, Williams J, Finkelstein J, Phipps RP: Blockade of CD40-CD40 ligand interactions protects against radiation-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1998;9:222–230.
- Inselman LS, Chander A, Spitzer AR: Diminished lung compliance and elevated surfactant lipids and proteins in nutritionally obese young rats. Lung. 2004;182:101–117.
- Lian XM, Yan C, Yang L, Xu Y, Du H: Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency causes respiratory inflammation and destruction in the lung. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2004;286:801–807.
- Du XG, Wang Q, Tang MX: Pathohistology observation in rat model of pulmonary atherosclerosis. J Yunyang Med School. 1997;16:120–123.
- Owens GK, Kumar MS, Wamhoff BR: Molecular regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in development and disease. Physiol Rev. 2004;84:767–801.
- Lopez-Candales A, Holmes DR, Liao S, Scott MJ, Wickline SA, Thompson RW: Decreased vascular smooth muscle cell density in medial degeneration of human abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Pathol. 1997;150:993–1007.
- Nishimura T, Faul JL, Berry GJ, Vaszar LT, Qiu D, Pearl RG, Kao PN: Simvastatin attenuates smooth muscle neointimal proliferation and pulmonary hypertension in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:1403–1408.
- Fouty BW, Rodman DM: Mevastatin can cause G1 arrest and induce apoptosis in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells through a p27Kip1-independent pathway. Circ Res. 2003;92:501–509.
- Girgis RE, Mozammel S, Champion HC, Li D, Peng X, Shimoda L, Tuder RM, Johns RA, Hassoun PM: Regression of chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertension by simvastatin. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2007;292:L1105–L1110.
- Pan DZ, Li YC: The effect of atorvastatin on hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling in rat. China Gen Med. 2005;14:1149−1151.
- Mancini GB, Etminan M, Zhang B, Levesque LE, FitzGerald JM, Brophy JM: Reduction of morbidity and mortality by statins, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and angiotensin receptor blockers in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2554–2560.
- Soyseth V, Brekke PH, Smith P, Omland T: Statin use is associated with reduced mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2007;29:279–283.
- Frost FJ, Petersen H, Tollestrup K, Skipper B: Influenza and COPD mortality protection as pleiotropic, dose-dependent effects of statins. Chest. 2007;131:1006–1012.
- Everett AD, Le Cras TD, Xue C, Johns RA: eNOS expression is not altered in pulmonary vascular remodeling due to increased pulmonary blood flow. Am J Physiol. 1998;274:L1058– L1065.
- Gilliland FD, Berhane K, Islam T, McConnell R, Gauderman WJ, Gilliland SS, Avol E, Peters JM: Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;158:406–415.
- Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM: Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999–2004. JAMA. 2006;295:1549–1555.
- Huang Y, Chen YZ, Wang ZB: The effects of oxidized lipoprotein on expressions of NF-κB and PPARs in vascular endothelial cell and macrophage. J Chongqing Univ Med. 2003;28:576–579.
- Nichols TC, Fischer TH, Deliargyris EN, Baldwin AS Jr: Role of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) in inflammation, periodontitis, and atherogenesis. Ann Periodontol. 2001;6:20–29.
- Flohe L, Brigelius-Flohe R, Saliou C, Traber MG, Packer L: Redox regulation of NF-kappa B activation. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22:1115–1126.
- May MJ, Ghosh S: Signal transduction through NF-kappa B. Immunol Today. 1998;19:80–88.
- Bouloumie A, Marumo T, Lafontan M, Busse R: Leptin induces oxidative stress in human endothelial cells. FASEB J. 1999;13:1231–1238.
- Aderka D, Maor Y, Novick D, Engelmann H, Kahn Y, Levo Y, Wallach D, Revel M: Interleukin-6 inhibits the proliferation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells that is induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha or -beta. Blood. 1993;81:2076–2084.
- Barton BE, Shortall J, Jackson JV: Interleukins 6 and 11 protect mice from mortality in a staphylococcal enterotoxin-induced toxic shock model. Infect Immun. 1996;64:714–718.
- Brand K, Page S, Walli AK, Neumeier D, Baeuerle PA: Role of nuclear factor-kappa B in atherogenesis. Exp Physiol. 1997;82:297–304.
- Stemme S, Faber B, Holm J, Wiklund O, Witztum JL, Hansson GK: T lymphocytes from human atherosclerotic plaques recognize oxidized low density lipoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1995;92:3893–3897.
- Xu QB, Oberhuber G, Gruschwitz M, Wick G: Immunology of atherosclerosis: cellular composition and major histocompatibility complex class II antigen expression in aortic intima, fatty streaks, and atherosclerotic plaques in young and aged human specimens. Clin Immunol Immunopathol. 1990;56:344–359.
- Ludewig B, Freigan S, Jaggi M, : Linking immune-mediated arterial inflammation and cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in a transgenic mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97:12752–12757.
- Terkeltaub R, Boisvert WA, Curtiss, LK: Chemokines and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol. 1998;9:397–405.
- Li ZQ, Liu BW, Wei YW: Effect of OxLDL on cell cycling phases and PCNA, P53, P27 and cerbB expression in cultrued human arterialsmooth muscle cells. J West China Univ Med Sci. 1998;29:394–398.
- Hayashi K, Takahashi M, Nishida W, : Phenotypic modulation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by unsaturated lysophosphatidic acids. Circ Res. 2001;89:251–258.
- Wu XL, Wang SW, Yang ZS, : The effect of oxidized low density lipoprotein on rabbit vascular smooth muscle cell biological function and the pharmacological mechanism of atorvastatin. Acad J PLA Postgrad Med School. 2002;23:245– 247.
- Chan AW, Bhatt DL, Chew DP, Quinn MJ, Moliterno DJ, Topol EJ, Ellis SG: Early and sustained survival benefit associated with statin therapy at the time of percutaneous coronary intervention. Circulation. 2002;105:691–696.
- Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Laufs U, Snapinn S, Bohm M, White HD: Withdrawal of statins increases event rates in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2002;105:1446–1452.
- Takemoto M, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21:1712–1719.
- Takai Y, Sasaki T, Matozaki T: Small GTP-binding proteins. Physiol Rev. 2001;81:153–208.
- Wu SJ, Duan S, Zhao SP, : Atorvastatin reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human pulmonary epithelial cells. Respir Res. 2005;6:27–32.
- Wu SJ, Zhao SP: Effects of atorvastatin on lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of PGE2 and IL-6 in human pulmonary epithelial cells. J Central South Univ (Med Sci). 2004;29;192–194.
- Kothe H, Dalhoff K, Rupp J, : Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors modify the inflammatory response of human macrophages and endothelial cells infected with Chlamydia pneumoniae. Circulation. 2000;101:1760–1763.
- Dichtl W, Dulak J, Frick M, : HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors regulate inflammatory transcription factors in human endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23:58–63.
- Laufs U, Marra D, Node K, Liao JK. 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors attenuate vascular smooth muscle proliferation by preventing rho GTPase-induced down- regulation of p27(Kip1). J Biol Chem. 1999;274:21926–21931.