Multiple Organ Invasion by Viruses: Pathological Characteristics in Three Fatal Cases of the 2009 Pandemic Influenza A/H1N1

REFERENCES

• Garten RJ, Davis CT, Russell CA, et al. Antigenic and genetic characteristics of swine-origin 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viruses circulating in humans. Science. 2009; 325:197–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Announcement of Ministry of health of the People’s Republic of China: 2009 H1N1 influenza prevention and control work. January 1, 2010. (Accessed at www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohwsyjbgs/s7863/201001/45434.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Gill JR, Sheng ZM, Ely SF, et al. Pulmonary pathologic findings of fatal 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 viral infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2010; 134:235–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauad T, Hajjar LA, Callegari GD, et al. Lung pathology in fatal novel human influenza A (H1N1) infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010; 181:72–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakajima N, Hata S, Sato Y, et al. The first autopsy case of pandemic influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus infection in Japan: detection of a high copy number of the virus in type II alveolar epithelial cells by pathological and virological examination. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010; 63:67–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takiyama A, Wang L, Tanino M, et al. Sudden death of a patient with pandemic influenza (A/H1N1pdm) virus infection by acute respiratory distress syndrome. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2010; 63:72–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harms PW, Schmidt LA, Smith LB, et al. Autopsy findings in eight patients with fatal H1N1 influenza. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;134:27–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shieh WJ, Blau DM, Denison AM, et al. 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1): pathology and pathogenesis of 100 fatal cases in the United States. Am J Pathol. 2010 Jul; 177:166–175.
   Google Scholar
• Ru YX, Zhao SX, Liu EB, et al. Ultrastructural characteristics of bone marrow in patients with hematological disease. Ultrastruct Pathol. 2007;31:327–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC protocol of real-time RTPCR for swine influenza A (H1N1). Geneva: World Health Organization, April 30, 2009. (Accessed at www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/swineflu/CDCRealtimeRTPCR_SwineH1Assay-2009_20090430.pdf)
   Google Scholar
• Cao B, Li XW, Mao Y, et al. National Influenza A Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Clinical Investigation Group of China. Clinical features of the initial cases of 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infection in China. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:2507–2517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li GH, Zhang L, Li YC, et al. Clinical and pathological features of severe influenza A/H1N1 influenza virus pneumonia. Tianjin J Med. 2010; 38:32–35.
   Google Scholar
• McCullers JA. Insights into the interaction between influenza virus and pneumococcus. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2006; 19:571–582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palacios G, Hornig M, Cisterna D, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae coinfection is correlated with the severity of H1N1 pandemic influenza. PLoS One. 2009;4:e8540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Padilla R, de la Rosa-Zamboni D, Ponce de Leon S, et al. Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine-origin influenza A (H1N1) in Mexico. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361:680–689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay S, Philip AT, Stoppacher R. Pathologic findings in novel influenza A (H1N1) virus (“swine flu”) infection: contrasting clinical manifestations and lung pathology in two fatal cases. Am J Clin Pathol. 2010;133:380–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beigel, JH, Farrar J, Han AM, et al. Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans. N Engl J Med. 2005; 353:1374–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abrahams A, Hallows N, French H. A further investigation into influenzo-pneumococcal and influenzo-streptococcal septicaemia. Lancet. 1919:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Vaillant L, La Ruche G, Tarantola A, Barboza P. Epidemiology of fatal cases associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza 2009. Euro Surveill. 2009; 14:1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Wang S, Le TQ, Kurihara N, et al. Influenza virus-cytokine-protease cycle in the pathogenesis of vascular hyper permeability in severe influenza. J Infect Dis. 2010; 202:991–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woo PC, Tung ET, Chan KH, et al. Cytokine profiles induced by the novel swine-origin influenza A/H1N1 virus: implications for treatment strategies. J Infect Dis. 2010; 201:346–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratincsák A, El-Said HG, Bradley JS, et al. Fulminant myocarditis associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza A virus in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010; 55:928–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puzelli S, Buonaguro FM, Facchini M, et al. Cardiac tamponade and heart failure due to myopericarditis as a presentation of infection with the pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza A virus. J Clin Microbiol. 2010; 48:2298–2300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koliou M, Hadjiloizou S, Ourani S, et al. A case of benign acute childhood myositis associated with influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010; 16:193–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar