References
- Donlan RM, Costerton, JW. Biofilms: Survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms. J Clin Microbiol Rev 2002;15: 167–93
- Flemming HC, Mayer WJ, Korstgens C, Borchard W. Cohesiveness in biofilm matrix polymers. Community structure and co-operation in biofilms, SGM Symposium Series, Vol. 59. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000:87–105
- Friedman L, Kolter R. Genes involved in matrix formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14 biofilm. Mol Microbiol 2004;51: 675–90
- Yarwood JM, Bartels DJ, Volper EM, Greenberg EP. Quorum sensing in Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. J Bacteriol 2004;186: 1838–50
- O’Toole G, Kaplan HB, Kolter R. Biofilm formation as microbial development. Ann Rev Microbiol 2000;54: 49–79
- Sukontapatipark W, El-Agroudi MA, Selliseth NJ, et al. Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study. Eur J Orthod 2001;23: 475–84
- Rastogi P, Saini H, Dixit J, Singhal R. Probiotics and oral health. Natl J Maxillofac Surg 2011;2: 6–9
- Espeland EM, Wetzel RG. Complexation, stabilization, and UV photolysis of extracellular and surface-bound glucosidase and alkaline phosphatase: Implications for biofilm microbiota. Microb Ecol 2001;42: 572–85
- Teitzel GM, Parsek MR. Heavy metal resistance of biofilm and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003;69: 2313–20
- McNeill K, Hamilton IR. Acid tolerance response of biofilm cells of Streptococcus mutans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2003;221: 25–30
- Mah TF, O’Toole GA. Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents. Trends Microbiol 2001;9: 34–9
- September SM, Brozel VS, Venter SN. Diversity of non tuberculoid mycobacterium species in biofilms of urban and semi urban drinking water distribution systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004;70: 7571–3
- Roberts GD, Koneman EW, Kim YK. In: Balows A, Hausler WJ, Hermann KL, et al., eds. Mycobacterium in manual of clinical microbiology, 5 eds. Washington: American Society for Microbiol Press; 1991:304–39
- Wolfaardt GM, Lawrence JR, Robarts RD, et al. Multicellular organization in a degradative biofilm community. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994;60: 434–46
- Ojha A, Hatfull GF. The role of iron in Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm formation: The exochelin siderophore is essential in limiting iron conditions for biofilm formation but not for planktonic growth. Mol Microbiol 2007;66: 468–83
- Low B, Lee W, Seneviratne CJ, et al. Ultrastructure and morphology of biofilms on thermoplastic orthodontic appliances in ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ plaque formers. Eur J Orthod 2011;33: 577–83
- van Soolingen D, Qian L, de Haas PE, et al. Predominance of a single genotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in countries of east Asia. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33: 3234–8
- Telenti A, Marchesi F, Balz M, et al. Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31: 175–8
- Kamerbeek J, Schouls LM, Kolk A, et al. Simultaneous detection and strain differentiation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis for diagnosis and epidemiology. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35: 907–14
- Brudey K, Driscoll JR, Rigout L, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex genetic diversity: Mining the fourth international database (SpolDB 4) for classification, population genetics and epidemiology. BMC Microbiol 2006;6: 23. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-6-23
- Monsenego P. The presence of microorganisms on the fitting denture complete surface: A study in vivo. J Oral Rehabil 2000;27: 708–13
- Prouty AM, Gunn. Comparative analysis of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium biofilm formation on gallstones and on glass december. Infect Immun 2003;71:7154–8
- Johansen BT, Agdestein A, Oslen I, et al. Biofilm formation by Mycobacterium avium isolates originating from human, swine and birds. BMC Microbiol 2009;9: 159. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-159
- Nyvad B, Fejerskov O. Scanning electron microscopy of early microbial colonization of human enamel and root surfaces in vivo. Scand J Dent Res 1987;95: 287–96
- Yildiz FH, Schoolnik GK. Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor: Identification of a gene cluster required for the rugose colony type, exopolysaccharide production, chlorine resistance, and biofilm formation. Proc Natl Assoc Sci USA 1999;96: 4028–33
- Marsollier L, Brodin P, Jackson M, et al. Impact of Mycobacterium ulcerans biofilm on transmissibility to ecological niches buruli ulcer pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2007;3: 62
- Stoodley P, Dodds I, Boyle JD, Lappin-Scott HM. Influence of hydrodynamics and nutrients on biofilm structure. J Appl Microbiol 1998;85: 19s–28s
- Sutherland IW. The biofilm matrix-an immobilized but dynamic microbial environment. Trends Microbiol 2001;9: 222–7
- Webb JS, Thompson LS, James S, et al. Cell death in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development. J Bacteriol 2003;185: 4585–92
- Ojha AK, Baughn AD, Sambandan D. Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis biofilms containing free mycolic acids and harbouring drug-tolerant bacteria. Mol Microbiol 2008;69: 164–74
- Lie T. Morphological studies on dental plaque formation. Acta Odontol Scand 1979;37: 73–85
- Agusti G, Astola O, Guell ER, et al. Surface spreading motility shown by a group of phylogenetically related, rapidly growing pigmented mycobacteria suggests that motility is a common property of mycobacterial species but is restricted to smooth colonies. J Bacteriol 2008;190: 6894–902