The Ultrastructural Spectrum of Astrocytic Neoplasms

References

• Becker L E, Yates A J. Astrocytic tumors in children. Major Problems in Pathology (Pediatric Neoplasia), M. Finegold. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1986; vol. 18: 373–396
   Google Scholar
• Dolaman C L. Ultrastructure of Brain Tumors and Biopsies: A Diagnostic Atlas. Praeger, New York 1984
   Google Scholar
• Duffell D, Farber L, Chou S, Hartmann J F, Nelson E. Electron microscopic observation on astrocytomas. Am J Pathol 1963; 43: 539–554
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano A. Some contributions of electron microscopy to the diagnosis of brain tumors. Acta Neuropathol 1978; 43: 119–128
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hossmann K A, Wechsler W. Ultrastructural cytopathology of human cerebral gliomas. Oncology 1971; 25: 455–480
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Luse S A. Electron microscopic studies of brain tumors. Neurology 1960; 10: 881–905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luse S A. Ultrastructural characteristics of normal and neoplastic cells. Prog. Exp Tumor Res 1961; 2: 1–35
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyser K M. Human nervous system tumors. Observations by high voltage electron microscopy. Acta Neuropathol 1975; 32: 313–324
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Poon T P, Hirano A, Zimmerman H M. Electron Microscopic Atlas of Brain Tumors. Grune and Stratton, New York and London 1971
   Google Scholar
• Raimondi A J, Mullan S, Evans J P. Human brain tumors: An electron microscopic study. J Neurosurg 1962; 19: 731–753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raimondi A J. Ultrastructure and biology of human brain tumors. Prog Neurol Surg 1966; 1: 1–63
   Google Scholar
• Royds J A, Ironside J W, Taylor C B, Graham D I, Timperley W R. An immunohistochemical study of glial and neuronal markers in primary neoplasms of the central nervous system. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1986; 70: 320–326
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubinstein L J. Tumors of the central nervous system. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, H L Firminger. Published by the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. 1972, Second series, Fascicle 6
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein L J. Tumors of the central nervous system. Atlas of Tumor Pathology, W H Hartman. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. 1982, second series, fascicle 6 (supplement)
   Google Scholar
• Russell D S, Rubinstein L J. Pathology of Tumours of the Nervous System. 4th Ed. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore 1977
   Google Scholar
• Toga M. Tumeurs du systeme nerveux ultrastructure. Laboratoire de Neuropathologie. Faculte de Medecine, Marseille 1976
   Google Scholar
• Zulch K J, Wechsler W. Pathology and classification of gliomas. Progress in Neurological Surgery, H Krayenbuhl, P E Maspes, W H Sweet. Karger, Basel 1968; vol. 2: 1–84
   Google Scholar
• Bonnin J M, Rubinstein L J. Review article. Immunohistochemistry of central nervous system tumors. Its contribution to neurosurgical diagnosis. J Neurosurg 1984; 60: 1121–1133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deck J HN, Eng L F, Bigbee J, Woodcock S M. The role of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the diagnosis of central nervous system tumors. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1978; 42: 183–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duffy P E, Graf L, Rapport M M. Identification of glial fibrillary acidic protein by immunoperoxidase method in human brain tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1977; 36: 645–652
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eng L F. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): The major protein in glial intermediate filaments and differentiated astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 1985; 8: 203–214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figols J, Iglesias-Rozas J R, Kazner E. Myelin basic protein (MBP) in human gliomas: A study of twenty-five cases. Clin Neuropathol 1985; 4: 116–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kimura T, Budka H, Soler-Federsppiel S. An immunocytochemical comparison of the glia-associated proteins glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and S-100 protein (S 100P) in human brain tumors. Clin Neuropathol 1986; 5: 21–27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiffer D, Giordana M T, Maura A, Migheli A, Germano I, Giaccone G. Immunohistochemical demonstration of vimentin in human cerebral tumors. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1986; 70: 209–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tascos N A, Parr J, Gonatas N K. Immunocytochemical study of the glial fibrillary acidic protein in human neoplasms of the central nervous system. Hum Pathol 1982; 13: 454–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trojanowski J Q, Lee V M-Y, Schlaepfer W W. An immunohistochemical study of human central and peripheral nervous system tumors, using monoclonal antibodies against neurofilaments and glial filaments. Hum Pathol 1984; 15: 248–257
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Meulen J DM, Houthoff H J, Ebels E J. Glial fibrillary acidic protein in human gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 1978; 4: 177–190
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Velasco M E, Dahl D, Roessmann U, Gambetti P. Immunohistochemical localization of glial fibrillary acidic protein in human glial neoplasms. Cancer 1980; 45: 484–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhrany D, Murphy M G, Horenstein S, Silbert S W. Diffuse periventricular and meningeal glioma. Acta Neuropathol 1974; 30: 243–249
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horoupian D S, Lax F, Suzuki K. Extracerebral leptomeningeal astrocytoma mimicking a meningioma. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1979; 103: 676–679
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyan-Raman U P, Cancilla P A, Case M J. Solitary, primary malignant astrocytoma of the spinal leptomeninges. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 517–521
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peters A, Palay S L, de Webster Henry F. The Fine Structure of the Nervous System: The Neurons and Supporting Cells. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1976
   Google Scholar
• Tennyson V M. The fine structure of the developing nervous system. Developmental Neurobiology, W A Himwich. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1970; 47
   Google Scholar
• Sipe J C, Herman M M, Rubinstein L J. Electron microscopic observations on human glioblastomas and astrocytomas maintained in organ culture systems. Am J Pathol 1973; 73: 589–606
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mandybur T I, Sawaya R, Ormsby I. The morphology and biologic behavior of human glioblastoma growing in nude mice. Cancer 1986; 58: 1061–1069
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Escalona-Zapata J, Diez-Nau M D. The astrocytic nature of glioblastoma demonstrated by tissue culture. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1981; 53: 155–160
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lumsden C E. The study of tissue culture of tumors of the nervous system. Pathology of Tumors of the Nervous System, D S Russell, L J Rubinstein. Arnold, London 1971; 334–420
   Google Scholar
• Robertson D M, Maclean J D. Nuclear inclusions in malignant gliomas. Arch Neurol 1965; 13: 287–296
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sumi S M, Reifel E. Unusual nuclear inclusions in astrocytoma. Arch Pathol 1971; 92: 14–19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tani E, Ametani T, Ishijima Y, Higashi N, Fujihara E. Intranuclear paracrystalline fibrillar arrays in human glioma cells. Cancer Res 1971; 31: 1210–1217
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vazquez J J, Ortuno G, Cervox-Navarro J. An ultrastructural study of spheroidal nuclear bodies found in gliomas. Virchows Arch 1970; 5: 288–293
   Google Scholar
• Koinov R. Crystal bodies in the ultrastructure of multiform glioblastoma. Cancer 1967; 20: 1181–1185
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lyons J C, Scheithauer B W, Ginsburg W W. Gaucher's disease and glioblastoma multiforme in two siblings: A clinicopathologic study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1982; 41: 45–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirano A, Matsui T. Vascular structures in brain tumors. Hum Pahtol 1975; 6: 611–621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long D M. Capillary ultrastructure and the blood-brain barrier in human malignant brain tumours. J Neurosurg 1970; 32: 127–144
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torack R M. Ultrastructure of capillary reaction to brain tumors. Arch Neurol 1961; 5: 416–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foncin J F, LeBeau J. The brain surrounding malignant gliomas: An ultrastructural study. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1978; 42: 33–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gullotta F, Fliedner E. Spongioblastomas, astrocytomas and Rosenthal fibers. Ultrastructural, tissue culture and enzyme histochemical investigations. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1972; 22: 68–78
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boesel C P, Paulson G W, Kosnik E J, Earle K M. Brain hamartomas and tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis. Neurosurgery 1979; 4: 410–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnin J M, Rubinstein L J, Papasozomenos S C, Marangos P J. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Significance and possible cytogenetic implications of an immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1984; 62: 185–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefansson K, Wollmann R. Distribution of the neuronal specific protein, 14–3–2, in central nervous system lesions of tuberous sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 1981; 53: 113–117
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Becker L E. Subependymal giant cell tumor: Astrocytic or neuronal?. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1983; 60: 271–277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamura Y, Becker L E, Marks A. Distribution of immunoreactive S-100 protein in pediatric brain tumors. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 136–145
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stefansson K, Wollmann R. Distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein in central nervous system lesion of tuberous sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1980; 52: 135–140
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bender B L, Yunis E J. Central nervous system pathology of tuberous sclerosis in children. Ultrastruct Path 1980; 1: 287–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Chadarevian J P, Hollenberg R D. Subependymal giant cell tumor of tuberous sclerosis. Light and ultrastructural study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1979; 39: 419–433
   Google Scholar
• Sima A AF, Robertson D M. Subependymal giant-cell astrocytoma. Case report with ultrastructural study. J Neurosurg 1979; 50: 240–245
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trombley I K, Mirra S S. Ultrastructure of tuberous sclerosis: Cortical tuber and subependymal tumor. Ann Neurol 1981; 9: 174–181
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribadeau-Dumas J L, Poirier J, Escourolle R. Etude Ultrastructurale des Lesions Cerebrales de la Sclerose Tubereuse de Bourneville. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1973; 25: 259–270
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kepes J J, Rubinestein L J, Eng L F. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: A distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosis: A study of 12 cases. Cancer 1979; 44: 1839–1852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhajda F P, Mendelsohn G, Taxy J B, Long D M. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Report of a case with light and electron microscopy. Ultrastruct Pathol 1981; 2: 25–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strom E H, Skullerud K. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Report of 5 cases. Clin Neuropathol 1983; 2: 188–191
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palma L, Maleci A, Di Lorenzo N, Lauro G M. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma with 18-year survival: Case report. J Neurosurg 1985; 63: 808–810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez J G, Garcia J H, Colon L E. A variant of cerebral glioma called pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Case report. Neurosurgery 1985; 16: 703–706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant J W, Gallagher P J. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma. Immunohistochemical methods for differentiation from fibrous histiocytomas with similar morphology. Am J Surg Pathol 1986; 10: 336–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weldon-Linne C M, Victor T A, Groothuis D R, Vick N A. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma: Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of a case with a rapidly fatal outcome following surgery. Cancer 1983; 52: 2055–2063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepes J J, Rubinstein L J. Malignant gliomas with heavily lipidized (foamy) tumor cells: A report of three cases with immunoperoxidase study. Cancer 1981; 47: 2451–2459
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyan-Raman U P, Taraska J J, Fierer J A, Elwood P W. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the meninges–A histological, ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study. J Neurosurg 1981; 55: 957–962
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kepes J J, Kepes M, Slowik F. Fibrous xanthomas and xanthosarcomas of the meninges and the brain. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1973; 23: 187–199
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kepes J J. Xanthomatous lesions of the central nervous system: Definition, classification and some recent observations. Progress in Neuropathology, H M Zimmerman. Raven, New York 1979; vol. 4: 179–196
   Google Scholar
• Simpson R HW, Phillips J I, Miller P, Hagen D, Anderson J EM. Intracerebral malignant fibrous histiocytoma: A light and electron microscopic study with immunohistochemistry. Clin Neuropathol 1986; 5: 185–189
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taxy J P, Battifora H. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma. An electron microscopic study. Cancer 1977; 40: 254–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubota T, Hirano A, Sata K, Yamamoto S. The fine structure of astroblastoma. Cancer 1985; 55: 745–750
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Husain A N, Leestma J E. Cerebral astroblastoma: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features. J Neurosurg 1986; 64: 657–661
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bender B L, Chatak N R. Light and electron microscopic observations on a ganglioneuroma. Acta Neuropathol 1978; 42: 7–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson D M, Hendry W S, Vogel F S. Central ganglioneuroma: Case study using electron microscopy. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1964; 23: 692–705
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheithauer B W, Kovacs K, Randall R V, Horvath E, Okazaki H, Laws E R, Jr. Hypothalamic neuronal hamartoma and adenohypophyseal neuronal choristoma: Their association with growth hormone adenoma of the pituitary gland. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 648–663
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Asa S K, Scheithauer B W, Bilbao J M, et al. A case for hypothalamic acromegaly: A clinicopathological study of six patients with hypothalamic gangliocytomas producing growth hormone-releasing factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1984; 58: 796–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarren S K, Alvord E C, Jr, Hall J G. Congenital hypothalamic hamartoblastoma, hypopituitarism, imperforate anus, and postaxial polydactyly–A new syndrome: Part II: Neuropathological Considerations. Am J Med Genet 1980; 7: 75–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hassoun J, Gambarelli D, Grisoli F, et al. Central neurocytoma: An electronmicroscopic study of two cases. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1982; 56: 151–156
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearl G S, Mirra S S, Miles M L. Intracerebral ganglioneuroblastoma with intracytoplasmic microtubular aggregates: Case report and ultrastructural study. Ultrastruct Pathol 1981; 2: 337–342
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gambarelli D, Hassoun J, Choux M, Toga M. Complex cerebral tumor with evidence of neuronal, glial and Schwann cell differentiation: A histologic, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural study. Cancer 1982; 49: 1420–1428
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russell D S, Rubinstein L J. Ganglioglioma: A case with long history and malignant evolution. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1962; 21: 185–193
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christensen E. Nerve cell tumors (central and peripheral). Pathology of the Nervous System, J Minckler. McGraw-Hill, New York 1971; vol. 2: 2081–2093
   Google Scholar
• Lee J C, Glasauer F E. Ganglioglioma: Light and electron microscopic study. Neurochirurgia (Stuttg) 1968; 11: 160–170
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Probst A, Ulrich J, Zdrojewski B, Hirt H R. Cerebellar ganglioglioma in a child. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1979; 39: 57–71
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein L J, Herman M M. A light and electron microscopic study of a temporal lobe ganglioglioma. J Neurol Sci 1972; 16: 27–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Staley N A, Poleksy H F, Bensch K G. Fine structural and biochemical studies on the malignant ganglioneuroma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1967; 26: 634–653
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yokoyama M, Okada K, Tokue A, Takayasu H. Ultrastructural and biochemical study of benign ganglioneuroma. Virchows Arch (A) 1973; 361: 195–209
   Google Scholar
• Sonneland P RL, Scheithauer B W, LeChago J, Crawford B G, Onofrio B M. Paraganglioma of the cauda equina region: Clinicopathologic study of 31 cases with special reference to immunocytology and ultrastructure. Cancer 1986; 58: 1720–1735
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg S R, May E E, Rubinstein L J, et al. Desmoplastic supratentorial neuroepithelial tumors of infancy with divergent differentiation potential (desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma). J Neurosurg 1987; 66: 58–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taratuto A L, Monges J, Lylyk P, Leiguarda R. Superficial cerebral astrocytoma attached to dura: Report of six cases in infants. Cancer 1984; 54: 2505–2512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt H P. Rapid anaplastic transformation in gliomas of adulthood. “Selection” in Neuro-oncogenesis. Pathol Res Pract 1983; 176: 313–323
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rubinstein L J. Embryonal central neuroepithelial tumors and their differentiating potential. A cytogenetic view of a complex neurooncologic problem. J Neurosurg 1985; 62: 795–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker L E, Hinton D. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Hum Pathol 1983; 14: 538–550
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Becker L E, Hinton D. Primitive neuroepithelial tumors of the central nervous system. Major Problems in Pathology (Pediatric Neoplasia) Pathology of Neoplasia in Children and Adolescents, M Finegold. WB Saunders, Philadelphia 1986; vol. 18: 397–418
   Google Scholar
• Boesel C P, Suhan J P, Bradel E J. Ultrastructure of primitive neuroectodermal neoplasms of the central nervous system. Cancer 1978; 42: 194–201
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friede R L, Janzer R C, Roessmann U. Infantile small cell gliomas. Acta Neuropathol 1982; 57: 103–110
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inoue H K, Kunimine H, Zama A, Ono N, Nakamura M. Clinical pathology of primitive gliomas in the cerebrum. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1986; 81: 94–99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markesbery W R, Challa V R. Electron microscopic findings in primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the cerebrum. Cancer 1979; 44: 141–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roessmann U, Velasco M E, Gambetti P, Autilio-Gambetti L. Neuronal and astrocytic differentiation in human neuroepithelial neoplasms. An immunohistochemical study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 113–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein W, Herman M H, Hanbery J W. The relationship between differentiating medulloblastoma and dedifferentiating diffuse cerebellar astrocytoma. Light, electron microscopic, tissue and organ culture observations. Cancer 1974; 33: 675–690
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmitt H P. Rapid anaplastic transformation in gliomas of childhood. Neuropediatrics 1983; 14: 137–143
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones T R, Bigner S H, Schold S C, Eng L F, Bigner D D. Anaplastic human gliomas grown in athymic mice. Morphology and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression. Am J Pathol 1981; 105: 316–327
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jellinger K. Glioblastoma multiforme: Morphology and biology. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1978; 42: 5–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haglid K, Stavrou D, Weidenbach W, Carlsson C A. On the emphasis on brain protein in neurooncology. Proc VIIth Int Congr Neuropathol. Akad Kiado, Budapest 1975; Vol 1: 575–581
   Google Scholar
• Tani E, Ametani T. Intercellular contacts of human gliomas. Progress in Neuropathology. Grune and Stratton, New York 1971; Vol 1: 218–231
   Google Scholar
• Hess J R. Frequency of surface microprojections and coated vesicles with increased malignancy in human astrocytic neoplasms. Acta Neuropathol 1978; 44: 151–153
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKeever P E, Brissie N T. Scanning electron microscopy of neoplasms removed at surgery: Surface topography and comparison of meningioma, colloid cyst, ependymoma, pituitary adenoma, schwannoma, and astrocytoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1977; 36: 875–896
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gonzalez-Campora R, Haynes L W, Weller R O. Scanning electron microscopy of malignant gliomas. A comparative study of glioma cells in smear preparations and in tissue culture. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1978; 41: 217–221
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bignami A, Dahl D. Astrocyte-specific protein and neuroglial differentiation. An immunofluorescence study with antibodies to the glial fibrillary acidic protein. J Comp Neurol 1974; 153: 27–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubinstein L J, Herman M M. Studies on the differentiation of human and experimental gliomas in organ culture systems. Recent results. Cancer Res 1975; 51: 35–51
   Google Scholar
• Cervos-Navarro J, Stoltenburg G, Seltmann A. Elektronenmikroskopische Befunde zur Mesenchymbeteilgung bei glialen Tumoren. Aktuelle Probleme der Neuropathologie, K Jellinger. Facultas, Wien 1973; 193–198
   Google Scholar
• Folkman J, Jerler E, Abernathy C, Williams G. Isolation of a tumor factor responsible for angiogenesis. J Exp Med 1971; 133: 275–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino T, Barker M, Wilson C, Boldrey E B, Fewer D. Cell kinetics in human gliomas. J Neurosurg 1972; 37: 15–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiffer D, Giordana M T, Soffietti R, Tarenzi L, Bertolotto A. On the nature of the so-called monstrocellular sarcoma of the brain. Neurosurgery 1980; 6: 391–397
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shuangshoti S, Netsky M G. Neoplasms of mixed mesenchymal and neuroepithelial origin: Relation to “monstrocellular sarcoma” or “giant-celled glioblastoma.”. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1971; 30: 290–309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Arendt A. Histologisch-diagnostischer Atlas der Geschwulste des Zentralnervensystems und seiner Anhangsgebide, 2. Aufl. G Fischer, Jena 1977
   Google Scholar
• Hitselberger W E, Kernohan Uihlein A. Giant cell fibrosarcoma of the brain. Cancer 1961; 14: 841–852
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kernohan J W, Uihlein A. Sarcomas of the brain. C Thomas, Springfield, III. 1962
   Google Scholar
• Zulch K. Brain Tumors, Their Biology and Pathology (American edition based on the 2nd German edition). Springer, New York 1957; 206–208
   Google Scholar
• Alpers B J. Origin and development of giant cells in gliomas. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1931; 25: 281–298
   Google Scholar
• Johnson H A, Haymaker W E, Rubini J R, et al. An autoradiographic study of a human brain and glioblastoma multiforme after the in vivo uptake of tritiated thymidine. Cancer 1960; 13: 636–642
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hoshino T, Wilson C B, Rosenblum M L, Barker M. Chemotherapeutic implications of growth fraction and cell cycle time in glioblastomas. J Neurosurg 1975; 43: 127–135
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fukumitsu T. Nature of so-called giant-celled glioblastomas: An electron microscopic study. Arch Jpn Chir 1964; 33: 350–360
   Google Scholar
• Hadfield M G, Silverberg S G. Light and electron microscopy of giant cell glioblastoma. Cancer 1972; 30: 989–996
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lynn J A, Panopio I T, Martin J H, Shaw M L, Race G J. Ultrastructural evidence for astroglial histogenesis of the monstrocellular astrocytoma (so-called monstrocellular sarcoma of the brain). Cancer 1968; 22: 356–366
   Google Scholar
• Tani E, Nakano M, Itagaki T, Fukumori T. Cell membrane structure of human giant-celled glioblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 1978; 41: 61–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auer R N, Becker L E. Cerebral medulloepithelioma with bone, cartilage, and striated muscle: Light microscopic and immunohistochemical study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 256–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickson D W, Hart M N, Menezes A, Cancilla P A. Medulloblastoma with glial and rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. A myoglobin and glial fibrillary acid protein immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1983; 42: 639–647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kepes J J, Rubinstein L J, Chiang H. The role of astrocytes in the formation of cartilage in gliomas: An immunohistochemical study of four cases. Am J Pathol 1984; 117: 471–483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathews T, Moossy J. Gliomas containing bone and cartilage. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1974; 33: 456–471
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Misugi K, Liss L. Medulloblastoma with cross-striated muscle. A fine structural study. Cancer 1970; 25: 1279–1285
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Smith T W, Davidson R I. Medullomyoblastoma. A histologic, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Cancer 1984; 54: 323–332
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stahlberger R, Friede R L. Fine structure of myomedulloblastomaa. Acta Neuropathol 1978; 37: 43–48
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman L E, Font R L, Andersen S R. Rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation in malignant intraocular medulloepitheliomas. Cancer 1972; 30: 817–835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ducatman B S, Scheithauer B W. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors with divergent differentiation. Cancer 1984; 54: 1049–1057
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lennon V A, Scheithauer B. In vitro differentiation of skeletal muscle from a Triton tumor: Does human neuroectoderm have myogenic potential (Abstr). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1982; 41: 374
   Google Scholar
• Feigin I, Allen L B, Lipkin L, Gross S W. The endothelial hyperplasia of the cerebral blood vessels within brain tumors, and its sarcomatous transformation. Cancer 1958; 11: 264–277
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Morantz R A, Feigin I, Ransohoff J. Gliosarcomas: A clinical and pathological survey of 24 cases. J Neurosurg 1976; 45: 398–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slowik F, Jellinger K, Gaszo L, Fischer J. Gliosarcomas: Histological, immunohistochemical, ultrastructural and tissue culture studies. Acta Neuropathol 1985; 67: 201–210
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friede R L. Gliofibroma. A peculiar neoplasm of collagen forming glialike cells. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1978; 38: 300–313
   Google Scholar
• Iglesias J R, Richardson E P, Jr, Collia F, Santos A, Garcia M C, Redondo C. Prenatal intramedullary gliofibroma: A light and electron microscope study. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1984; 62: 230–234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reinhardt V, Nahser H C. Gliofibroma originating from temporoparietal hamartoma-like lesions. Clin Neuropathol 1984; 3: 131–138
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Green H SN, Harvey E K. The development of sarcomas from transplants of the hyperplastic stromal endothelium of glioblastoma multiform. Amer J Pathol 1968; 53: 483–499
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gullotta F. Zur in vitro-Daignostik gliosmesenchymaler Mischgeschwulste. Dtsch Z Nervenheilkd 1964; 186: 323–335
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McComb R D, Jones T R, Pizzo S V, Bigner D D. Immunohistochemical detection of factor VIII/von Wille-brand factor in hyperplastic endothelial cells in glioblastoma multiforme and mixed gliomasarcoma. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1982; 41: 479–489
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schiffer D, Giordana M T, Mauro A, Migheli A. GFAP, F VIII/RAg with laminin and fibronectin in gliosarcomas: An immunohistochemical study. Acta Neuropathol 1984; 63: 108–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franks A J, Burrow H M. In vitro heterogeneity in human gliomas Are all transformed cells of glial origin?. Anticancer Res 1986; 6(4)625–629
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rutka J T, Giblin J R, Hifdt H K, et al. Establishment and characterization of a cell line from a human gliosarcoma. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 5893–5902
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mannel H D, Invankovic S. Experimentelle Erzeugung von Tumnoren des Nervensystems. Handb allg Pathol. Springer, Berlin-heidelberg, New York 1975; Bd 6: 33–122, Teil 7.
   Google Scholar
• Diaz-Flores L, Cabarello T, Sanchez G. Nature and histogenesis of the sarcomatous component in mixed sarcoma glioma forms. Morphologia Normal y Patologica 1979; 3(1)253–266
   Google Scholar
• Pena C E, Felter R. Ultrastructure of a composite glioma-sarcoma of the brain. Acta Neuropathol 1973; 23: 90–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lalitha V S, Rubinstein L J. Reactive glioma in intracranial sarcoma: A form of mixed sarcoma and glioma (“sarcoglioma”): Report of eight cases. Cancer 1979; 43: 246–257
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richman A V, Balis G A, Maniscalco J E. Primary intracerebral tumor with mixed chondrosarcoma and glioblastoma–Gliosarcoma or sarcoglioma?. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1980; 39: 329–335
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kepes J J, Fulling K H, Garcia J H. The clinical significance of “adenoid” formations of neoplastic astrocytes, imitating metastatic carcinoma, in gliosarcomas. A review of five cases*. Clin Neuropathol 1982; 1: 139–150
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kepes J J, Sher J, Oliver M G. Light and electron microscopic study of “adnoid” components in gliomas: Fibroblastic activity of neoplastic astrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1985; 44: 359
   Google Scholar
• Rubinstein L J, Mork S J, Kepes J J, Uphoff D F. Squamous differentiation of epithelial-like formations in glioblastoma and gliosarcoma (Abstr). J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1986; 45: 327
   Google Scholar
• Newsome D A, Kenyon K R. Collagen production in vitro by the retinal pigmented epithelium of the chick embryo. Dev Biol 1973; 32: 387–400
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trelstad R L, Kang A H, Cohen A M, Hay E D. Collagen synthesis in vitro by embryonic spinal cord epithelium. Science 1973; 179: 295–297
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lennon V A, Peterson S, Schubert D. Neuroectoderm markers retained in phenotypical skeletal muscle cells arising from a glia cell line. Nature 1979; 281: 586–588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wier M L, Lennon V A. Differentiation of skeletal muscle from dissociated optic nerve cells: Immunocytochemical observations. J Neuroimmunol 1981; 1: 61–68
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liwnicz B H, Rubinstein L J. The pathways of extraneural spread in metastasizing gliomas: A report of three cases and critical review of the literature. Hum Pathol 1979; 10: 453–468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kung P C, Lee J C, Bakay L. Vascular invasion by glioma cells in man. An electron microscopic study. J Neurosurg 1969; 31: 339–347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar